Size and Generation Rate of Sidestream Cigarette Smoke Particles

Ueno, Yasuo; Peters, Leonard K.

doi:10.1080/02786828608959110

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…MMD values reported in the literature are in the approximate range of 0.3-0.7 µm for mainstream smoke (Chang et al 1985;Anderson et al 1989;Chung and Dunn-Rankin 1996), 0.2-0.5 µm for sidestream smoke (Ueno and Peters 1986;Ingebrethsen and Sears 1989;Chung and Dunn-Rankin 1996), and 0.2-0.5 µm for ETS Sextro et al 1991, as reported in Nazaroff et al 1993;Kleeman et al 1999), with reported GSD values in the approximate range of 1-2. In spite of the variation in these reported results, ETS particle emissions appear to have a fairly narrow and identifiable distribution.…”

Section: Estimates Of the Ets Particle Size Distributionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…In alignment with our study, Ueno and Peters (1986) and Chang et al (1985) report equivalent total mass emissions from real-time instruments (using an electrical mobility analyzer and condensation nucleii counter) that are substantially smaller than determinations based on direct mass measurements (a cascade impactor in their case). Chang et al (1985) found that when their primary dilution ratio for mainstream smoke was increased from 6 to 18, the equivalent TPM measured from their electrical mobility analyzer decreased dramatically (18 mg/cigarette down to 2.0 mg/cigarette), while the TPM measured with the cascade impactor remained approximately the same (19-21 mg/cigarette).…”

Section: Estimates Of Size-integrated Emission Factorsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Chang et al (1985) found that when their primary dilution ratio for mainstream smoke was increased from 6 to 18, the equivalent TPM measured from their electrical mobility analyzer decreased dramatically (18 mg/cigarette down to 2.0 mg/cigarette), while the TPM measured with the cascade impactor remained approximately the same (19-21 mg/cigarette). For sidestream smoke, Ueno and Peters (1986) report cascade impactor TPM measurements of 6.0-9.6 mg/cigarette across all primary dilution ratios (6-18) compared to equivalent TPM from the electrical mobility analyzer of 1.3-2.3 mg/cigarette. As far as we know, these discrepancies have not been resolved and will require further investigation.…”

Section: Estimates Of Size-integrated Emission Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although several previous investigators have studied tobacco smoke particle size distributions (Keith and Derrick 1960;Chang et al 1985;Ueno and Peters 1986;Chung and Dunn-Rankin 1996), these studies have mostly been focused on mainstream or sidestream smoke, rather than ETS. Those few investigators that have studied ETS particles directly have tended to provide only a cursory examination of the particle size distribution at a particular moment in time Kleeman et al 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determining Size-Specific Emission Factors for Environmental Tobacco Smoke Particles

Klepeis

Apte

Gundel

et al. 2003

Aerosol Science and Technology

112

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Because size is a major controlling factor for indoor airborne particle behavior, human particle exposure assessments will benefit from improved knowledge of size-specific particle emissions. We report a method of inferring size-specific mass emission factors for indoor sources that makes use of an indoor aerosol dynamics model, measured particle concentration time series data, and an optimization routine. This approach provides-in addition to estimates of the emissions size distribution and integrated emission factorsestimates of deposition rate, an enhanced understanding of particle dynamics, and information about model performance. We applied the method to size-specific environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) particle concentrations measured every minute with an 8-channel optical particle counter (PMS-LASAIR; 0.1−2+ µm diameters) and every 10 or 30 min with a 34-channel differential mobility particle sizer (TSI-DMPS; 0.01−1+ µm diameters) after a single cigarette or cigar was machine-smoked inside a low air-exchange- S. Department of Energy (DOE) underContract DE-AC03-76SF0098. Additional support was provided by the TRDRP under grant 6RT-0118 to Stanford University. We would like to express our appreciation for the technical assistance of D. Sullivan. S. Baker assisted with filter preparation and experimental procedure. The graphics and much of the data analysis for this research were accomplished using the freely-available R system described by Ihaka and Gentleman (1996) and accessible on the World Wide Web at http://www.r-project.org.Address correspondence to Neil E. Klepeis, 16475 Tarpey Road, Watsonville, CA 95076-9015. E-mail: nklepeis@uclink.berkeley.edu rate 20 m 3 chamber. The aerosol dynamics model provided good fits to observed concentrations when using optimized values of mass emission rate and deposition rate for each particle size range as input. Small discrepancies observed in the first 1-2 h after smoking are likely due to the effect of particle evaporation, a process neglected by the model. Size-specific ETS particle emission factors were fit with log-normal distributions, yielding an average mass median diameter of 0.2 µm and an average geometric standard deviation of 2.3 with no systematic differences between cigars and cigarettes. The equivalent total particle emission rate, obtained by integrating each size distribution, was 0.2-0.7 mg/min for cigars and 0.7-0.9 mg/min for cigarettes.

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Section: Estimates Of the Ets Particle Size Distributionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Estimates Of Size-integrated Emission Factorsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Estimates Of Size-integrated Emission Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Determining Size-Specific Emission Factors for Environmental Tobacco Smoke Particles

Klepeis

Apte

Gundel

et al. 2003

Aerosol Science and Technology

112

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“…The particle fraction of diesel exhaust ranges from 5 to 500 nm (Kittelson, 1998). Cigarette smoke particles are typically considered to have a mass mean diameter ranging from 250 to 350 nm (Keith, 1982) with a mean geometric diameter of 170 nm (Ueno & Peters, 1986). Bernstein (2004) summarized a number of studies that reported a consistent mean value of cigarette smoke particle size surrounded by a wide distribution of values ranging from 18 nm to 1.6 m. For potentially toxic aerosols, determining the branch-averaged and local deposition characteristics of fine and ultrafine particles is a critical first step in making accurate predictions of the dose received and the resulting local and systemic effects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computational investigation of particle inertia effects on submicron aerosol deposition in the respiratory tract

Longest

2007

Journal of Aerosol Science

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Environmental Tobacco Smoke Particles

Nazaroff

Klepeis

2003

Indoor Environment

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IntroductionEnvironmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a mixture of gases and particles. It is generated by the combustion of tobacco products, including cigarettes, cigars, and pipes. Most ETS issues from the smoldering tobacco between puffs. Exhaled mainstream smoke also contributes to ETS.Once released to the environment, the particles and gases in ETS are subjected to physical and chemical processes that can alter their concentrations, their physical form, and their chemical composition. For example, dispersion processes such as turbulent mixing cause ETS concentrations to become more uniformly distributed throughout a room. Deposition onto indoor surfaces reduces airborne particle concentrations and shifts the particle size distribution. Sorptive interactions with indoor materials can alter the relative amounts of volatile and semi-volatile compounds that remain airborne.Although ETS comprises both gases and particles, for the purposes of this chapter, we focus exclusively on the particle phase. ETS particles are small liquid droplets, mostly in the size range 0.02-2 µm in diameter. Chemically, they are mainly comprised of organic compounds that have vapor pressures sufficiently low to remain in the condensed phase. These compounds are formed during smoking by volatilization, pyrolysis, and partial oxidation of the components of the tobacco product. It is the scattering of light by particles that causes smoke to be visible.Environmental tobacco smoke is a major contributor to indoor air concentrations and human exposures to particles. Consequently, many studies have been concerned with the nature and significance of ETS particles. In this chapter, we summarize what has been learned, emphasizing the physical and chemical processes that influence indoor ETS particle levels. We point out several unresolved issues that warrant further study. 245 3.5 b NSH = non-smoking home; SH = smoking home; NSW = non-smoking workplace; SW = smoking workplace; NS = non-smoker; NA = not available. c PTEAM = USEPA's Particle Total Exposure Assessment Methodology. d The Harvard Six City study is described with preliminary results in Spengler et al. (1981). The six cities were: Portage, WI; Topeka, KS; Kingston-Harriman, TN; Watertown, MA; St. Louis, MO; Steubenville, OH.e The main reference for the New York State study is Sheldon et al. (1989). f The sixteen cities surveyed were: Knoxville,

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Size and Generation Rate of Sidestream Cigarette Smoke Particles

Cited by 18 publications

References 5 publications

Determining Size-Specific Emission Factors for Environmental Tobacco Smoke Particles

Determining Size-Specific Emission Factors for Environmental Tobacco Smoke Particles

Computational investigation of particle inertia effects on submicron aerosol deposition in the respiratory tract

Environmental Tobacco Smoke Particles

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