Size Characterization of Carbonaceous Particles Using a Lovelace Multijet Cascade Impactor / Parallel-Flow Diffusion Battery Serial Sampling Train

Barr, Edward B.; Cheng, Yung‐Sung; Yeh, Hsu‐Chi; Wolff, Ronald K.

doi:10.1080/02786828908959235

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…The size of the BDE particles in the present study was 3.6 µm MMAD for the large-size fraction, 0.10 µm MMDD for the small-size fraction, and 0.44 µm MMAD for the combined fractions, averaged across all samples and exposure levels. The bimodal size distribution was similar to that observed previously in PDE exposures using the same dilution tunnel and similar distribution systems (Cheng et al, 1984;Barr et al, 1989;Nikula et al, 1995), except that the size of the larger fraction for PDE was approximately 2.0 µm MMAD. The reason for the larger MMAD of the BDE large-size fraction cannot be determined from existing data; the PDE exposures used different engines and operating cycles as well as different fuel, so the studies are not directly comparable.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…The time for NO x to reach 90% of the target value was 14 min. Particle size distribution was measured in each chamber using a combination of a Lovelace multijet cascade impactor (LMJ; Newton et al, 1977) and a parallel-flow diffusion battery (PFDB; Cheng et al, 1984;Barr et al, 1989) operated in series at a flow rate of approximately 12 L/min. For calculation of size distribution, the fraction collected by the PFDB was treated as if it had been collected by the final filter normally used with the LMJ impactor.…”

Section: Exposuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Subchronic Inhalation Exposure of Rats to Emissions From a Diesel Engine Burning Soybean Oil-Derived Biodiesel Fuel

Finch

Hobbs

Blair

et al. 2002

Inhalation Toxicology

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There is increasing interest in diesel fuels derived from plant oils or animal fats ("biodiesel"), but little information on the toxicity of biodiesel emissions other than bacterial mutagenicity. F344 rats were exposed by inhalation 6 h/day, 5 days/wk for 13 wk to 1 of 3 dilutions of emissions from a diesel engine burning 100% soybean oil-derived fuel, or to clean air as controls. Whole emissions were diluted to nominal NO(x) concentrations of 5, 25, or 50 ppm, corresponding to approximately 0.04, 0.2, and 0.5 mg particles/m(3), respectively. Biologically significant, exposure-related effects were limited to the lung, were greater in females than in males, and were observed primarily at the highest exposure level. There was a dose-related increase in the numbers of alveolar macrophages and the numbers of particles in the macrophages, as expected from repeated exposure, but no neutrophil response even at the highest exposure level. The macrophage response was reduced 28 days after cessation of the exposure. Among the high-level females, the group mean lung weight/body weight ratio was increased, and minimal, multifocal bronchiolar metaplasia of alveolar ducts was observed in 4 of 30 rats. Lung weights were not significantly increased, and metaplasia of the alveolar ducts was not observed in males. An increase in particle-laden macrophages was the only exposure-related finding in lungs at the intermediate and low levels, with fewer macrophages and fewer particles per macrophage at the low level. Alveolar histiocytosis was observed in a few rats in both exposed and control groups. There were statistically significant, but minor and not consistently exposure-related, differences in body weight, nonpulmonary organ weights, serum chemistry, and glial fibrillary acidic protein in the brain. There were no significant exposure-related effects on survival, clinical signs, feed consumption, ocular toxicity, hematology, neurohistology, micronuclei in bone marrow, sister chromatid exchanges in peripheral blood lymphocytes, fertility, reproductive toxicity, or teratology. This study demonstrated modest adverse effects at the highest exposure level, and none other than the expected physiological macrophage response to repeated particle exposure at the intermediate level.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Exposuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Subchronic Inhalation Exposure of Rats to Emissions From a Diesel Engine Burning Soybean Oil-Derived Biodiesel Fuel

Finch

Hobbs

Blair

et al. 2002

Inhalation Toxicology

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“…Barr, et al, (25) There is a very substantial body of research concerning reducing the data in order to find the actual size distribution from a diffusion battery. The primary problems are that the equations for reducing the data are ill-posed and non-linear.…”

Section: Parallel Flow Diffusion Battery (Pfdb)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhalation exposure system for diesel exhaust particulates

Sherman¹

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The objectives of this research were twofold. First, a Hazleton 2000 Inhalation Chamber was modified to minimize the amount of diesel exhaust particulate (DEP) needed for animal inhalation exposures. Second, instrumentation was evaluated for aerosolizing DEP, monitoring the mass concentration and size distribution, and determining the uniformity of the aerosol. For aerosolizing the DEP, a TSI 9300 fluidized bed and a Jet-O-Mizer model 00 jet mill with a vibratory feeder were considered. A Parallel Flow Diffusion Battery (PFDB) and a Micro Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI) were tested for finding the aerosol size distribution. For monitoring the mass concentration, a Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM) was evaluated. The uniformity of the aerosol was monitored with Marple personal impactors. The jet mill with a grinding nozzle pressure of 80 PSI produced a single mode size distribution and a resulting combined DEP mass median diameter (MMD) of 0.33 µm while maintaining a relatively steady mass concentration of 10 mg / m 3. The PFDB was found to be unsatisfactory at measuring the aerosol size distribution. The uniformity of a carbon black aerosol was found to vary from 9.9 mg / m 3 in the front part of the chamber, to 10.4 mg / m 3 in the center, and 11.7 mg / m 3 in the rear of the chamber. The TEOM was found to satisfactorily monitor the mass concentration but the filter lifetime of the TEOM at high mass concentrations would necessitate periodic observations.

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Evaluation of the API Aerosizer Mach 2 Particle Sizer

Barr¹,

Cheng²

1993

Particles in Gases and Liquids 3

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Size Characterization of Carbonaceous Particles Using a Lovelace Multijet Cascade Impactor / Parallel-Flow Diffusion Battery Serial Sampling Train

Cited by 5 publications

References 8 publications

Effects of Subchronic Inhalation Exposure of Rats to Emissions From a Diesel Engine Burning Soybean Oil-Derived Biodiesel Fuel

Effects of Subchronic Inhalation Exposure of Rats to Emissions From a Diesel Engine Burning Soybean Oil-Derived Biodiesel Fuel

Inhalation exposure system for diesel exhaust particulates

Evaluation of the API Aerosizer Mach 2 Particle Sizer

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