Size-Invariant Visual Cryptography With Improved Perceptual Quality for Grayscale Image

Abstract

The reconstructed image of the size-invariant visual cryptography (VC) is inevitably accompanied by the loss of secret image information and the degradation of perceptual quality. Here, the halftone technique comes to the forefront since it can realistically simulate the grayscale image from a discrete binary image. Thus, by combining VC sharing with grayscale image halftone technique, this paper proposes a size-invariant VC scheme for grayscale image underpinned by the efficient direct binary search (EDBS) algorithm, in which the multi-pixel encryption VC sharing is adopted into the EDBS halftone process. Through local optimizations and global iterations, the optimal reconstructed image is obtained. To further enhance the contrast of the reconstructed image with limited computational power, the image information is probabilistically extracted according to the inverse mapping in the codebook. It is theoretically proved that the proposed scheme is as secure as the traditional VC, while its effectiveness is validated through experiments and comparative analyses. INDEX TERMS Efficient direct binary search; grayscale image; multi-pixel encryption; perceptual quality; size-invariant; visual cryptography; visual secret sharing.

Visual Cryptography Using Computation-Free Bit-Plane Reconstruction

“…a ← generate a random integer between 1 and k (10) end for (11) Else (12) for k � 1 to 4 do ALGORITHM 4: Continued.…”

“…Yan's scheme diffused the error between the reconstructed image and the original secret image to the high-frequency band, thus can improve the perceptual quality of the reconstructed image. Sun et al proposed an improved scheme by putting VC into direct binary search halftoning loop [12].…”