Size-range analysis of diesel soot with ultra-small angle X-ray scattering

The effective density and fractal dimension of soot particles from premixed flames and motor vehicle exhaust

“…Highresolution TEM images typically reveal an onion-like graphene shell structure for the primary particles, suggesting an upper limit for 0 of 2:27 g=cm 3 (Wentzel et al, 2003;Braun et al, 2004). However, the existence of micropores, or organic material, could lower this value.…”

“…However, the existence of micropores, or organic material, could lower this value. We use 0 = 2 g=cm 3 , based on the recent ultra-small angle X-ray scattering work of Braun et al (2004) and helium pycnometry measurements of di Stasio (2001). Choosing another value alters d 0e , but not d f or e .…”

Effect of engine operating conditions on the size of primary particles composing diesel soot agglomerates

“…Other authors such as Braun et al (2004) have shown that the diesel soot inter-layer spacing is very similar to that of graphite structures, and others have shown that there is a slight dependency on the internal structure (Kovács Kis, Pósfai, & Lábár, 2006;Saito,Yoshikawa, Bandow, Tomita, & Hayashi, 1993). Moreover, Vander Wal, Tomasek, Street, Hull, and Thompson (2004) showed that different thermal exposures modify the number of staked layers, their alignment and their length, but not their inter-layer distances.…”

Coagulation dynamics of fractal-like soot aggregates

“…The coagulation model described in the previous section needs the following inputs: (1) fractal dimension; (2) number of primary particles; (3) primary particle diameter; (4) primary particle density; and (5) temperature. Two of the inputs in the forgoing list are fixed: namely, T = ∼ 25 • C and 0 = 2.0 g/cm 3 , the latter based on ultra-small angle X-ray scattering data from Braun et al (2004) and helium pycnometry by di Stasio (2001).…”