Skeletal Muscle Adaptive Responses to Different Types of Short-Term Exercise Training and Detraining in Middle-Age Men

Callahan, Marcus J.; Parr, Evelyn B.; Snijders, Tim; Conceição, Miguel Soares; Radford, Bridget E; Timmins, Ryan G.; Devlin, Brooke L.; Hawley, John A.; Camera, Donny M.

doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002684

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Intuitively, this may be due to the relative specificity of recruiting large muscle groups of the lower extremity necessary for pedaling [ 20 , 81 ] and resistance imposed by increases in cycle ergometer wattage/power output that are distinct from the gravitational forces imposed by running. Heydari et al [ 51 ] similarly observed significant increases in FFM following 12 weeks of HIIT in young males, while we have also demonstrated 6 weeks of cycle ergometer HIIT to significantly increase lean mass (1.0 kg), albeit in conjunction with a high protein diet [ 82 ]. More research is required on the possible mechanism of enhanced cycling-induced FFM improvements during HIIT compared to other modalities before definitive conclusions may be reached.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

The Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training Type on Body Fat Percentage, Fat and Fat-Free Mass: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

Khodadadi

Bagheri

Negaresh

et al. 2023

JCM

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This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) compared body compositional changes, including fat mass (FM), body fat percentage (BF%), and fat-free mass (FFM), between different types of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) (cycling vs. overground running vs. treadmill running) as well as to a control (i.e., no exercise) condition. Meta-analyses were carried out using a random-effects model. The I2 index was used to assess the heterogeneity of RCTs. Thirty-six RCTs lasting between 3 to 15 weeks were included in the current systematic review and meta-analysis. RCTs that examined the effect of HIIT type on FM, BF%, and FFM were sourced from online databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar up to 21 June 2022. HIIT (all modalities combined) induced a significant reduction in FM (weighted mean difference [WMD]: −1.86 kg, 95% CI: −2.55 to −1.18, p = 0.001) despite a medium between-study heterogeneity (I2 = 63.3, p = 0.001). Subgroup analyses revealed cycling and overground running reduced FM (WMD: −1.72 kg, 95% CI: −2.41 to −1.30, p = 0.001 and WMD: −4.25 kg, 95% CI: −5.90 to −2.61, p = 0.001, respectively); however, there was no change with treadmill running (WMD: −1.10 kg, 95% CI: −2.82 to 0.62, p = 0.210). There was a significant reduction in BF% with HIIT (all modalities combined) compared to control (WMD: −1.53%, 95% CI: −2.13, −0.92, p = 0.001). All forms of HIIT also decreased BF%; however, overground running induced the largest overall effect (WMD: −2.80%, 95% CI: −3.89 to −1.71, p = 0.001). All types of HIIT combined also induced an overall significant improvement in FFM (WMD: 0.51 kg, 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.95, p = 0.025); however, only cycling interventions resulted in a significant increase in FFM compared to other exercise modalities (WMD: 0.63 kg, 95% CI: 0.17 to 1.09, p = 0.007). Additional subgroup analyses suggest that training for more than 8 weeks, at least 3 sessions per week, with work intervals less than 60 s duration and separated by ≤90 s active recovery are more effective for eliciting favorable body composition changes. Results from this meta-analysis demonstrate favorable body composition outcomes following HIIT (all modalities combined) with overall reductions in BF% and FM and improved FFM observed. Overall, cycling-based HIIT may confer the greatest effects on body composition due to its ability to reduce BF% and FM while increasing FFM.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

The Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training Type on Body Fat Percentage, Fat and Fat-Free Mass: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

Khodadadi

Bagheri

Negaresh

et al. 2023

JCM

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“…Similar to the results of recent studies, the within-group analyses revealed that HIIT and MICT achieve a significant decrease in the FM of the young and middle-aged. With regards to FFM, no positive effects were found in both the HIIT and MICT groups, as the results of a network meta-analysis [ 75 ] indicated that resistance training might be the best exercise form for improving FFM [ 93 ]. Although our results showed that HIIT is more significant in PFM reduction than MICT (even though the improvement was small), no statistical differences were found between HIIT and MICT in FM and FFM improvement in the participants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training vs. Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Fat Loss and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in the Young and Middle-Aged a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Guo

Cai

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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Objectives: This systematic review is conducted to evaluate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in the young and middle-aged. Methods: Seven databases were searched from their inception to 22 October 2022 for studies (randomized controlled trials only) with HIIT and MICT intervention. Meta-analysis was carried out for within-group (pre-intervention vs. post-intervention) and between-group (HIIT vs. MICT) comparisons for change in body mass (BM), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), percent fat mass (PFM), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), and CRF. Results: A total of 1738 studies were retrieved from the database, and 29 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Within-group analyses indicated that both HIIT and MICT can bring significant improvement in body composition and CRF, except for FFM. Between-group analyses found that compared to MICT, HIIT brings significant benefits to WC, PFM, and VO2peak. Conclusions: The effect of HIIT on fat loss and CRF in the young and middle-aged is similar to or better than MICT, which might be influenced by age (18–45 years), complications (obesity), duration (>6 weeks), frequency, and HIIT interval. Despite the clinical significance of the improvement being limited, HIIT appears to be more time-saving and enjoyable than MICT.

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“…EIMI is a widespread concern in athletes. Improvement of physiological muscle receptivity and optimizing training intensity may avoid severe permanent injury 21,22 . There is a tremendous significance and clinical value in exploring the characteristics of temporal changes in skeletal muscle physiopathology in response to various levels of exercise.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histological characteristics of exercise‐induced skeletal muscle remodelling

Huang

et al. 2023

J Cellular Molecular Medi

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This study aims to analyse the pathological features of skeletal muscle injury repair by using rats to model responses to different exercise intensities. Eighty‐four rats were randomly divided into five groups for treadmill exercise. The short‐term control, low‐intensity, medium‐intensity and high‐intensity groups underwent gastrocnemius muscle sampling after 6, 8 and 12 weeks of exercise. The long‐term high‐intensity group underwent optical coherence tomography angiography and sampling after 18 weeks of exercise. RNA sequencing was performed on the muscle samples, followed by the corresponding histological staining. Differentially expressed genes were generally elevated at 6 weeks in the early exercise stage, followed by a decreasing trend. Meanwhile, the study demonstrated a negative correlation between time and the gene modules involved in vascular regulation. The modules associated with muscle remodelling were positively correlated with exercise intensity. Although the expression of many genes associated with common angiogenesis was downregulated at 8, 12 and 18 weeks, we found that muscle tissue microvessels were still increased, which may be closely associated with elevated sFRP2 and YAP1. During muscle injury‐remodelling, angiogenesis is characterized by significant exercise time and exercise intensity dependence. We find significant differences in the spatial distribution of angiogenesis during muscle injury‐remodelling, which be helpful for the future achievement of spatially targeted treatments for exercise‐induced muscle injuries.

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Skeletal Muscle Adaptive Responses to Different Types of Short-Term Exercise Training and Detraining in Middle-Age Men

Abstract: Supplemental digital content is available in the text.

Cited by 14 publications

References 52 publications

The Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training Type on Body Fat Percentage, Fat and Fat-Free Mass: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

The Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training Type on Body Fat Percentage, Fat and Fat-Free Mass: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training vs. Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Fat Loss and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in the Young and Middle-Aged a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Histological characteristics of exercise‐induced skeletal muscle remodelling

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