Skeletal tissue engineering using embryonic stem cells

Bioactive glass and glass-ceramic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

“…Engineered scaffolds from silicate amorphous or partially crystallized systems, combined with biodegradable polymers, shall continue being improved and optimized. These scaffolds may constitute the "scaffolds of choice" in future developments and their combination with stem cells is of high interest [62,[224][225][226]. The use of bioactive glass and glass ceramic nanoparticles [10,44] and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [89,227,228] as well as their combination with bioresorbable polymers [46][47][48]89,170,229] may also improve the environment to enhance cell attachment, proliferation, angiogenic and osteogenic properties as well as adding extra functionalities to the base scaffold.…”

Endochondral Ossification for Enhancing Bone Regeneration: Converging Native Extracellular Matrix Biomaterials and Developmental Engineering In Vivo

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] Insights into the conductive and inductive biomolecules that control EC ossification have been essential to tissue engineering strategies focusing on cartilage formation, 57,58 osteochondral defects, 59,60 and, more recently, bone regeneration (Tables 2-4). 27,43,57,58,[61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76] While cartilage tissue engineering strategies have focused on inducing and maintaining chondrogenic phenotypes, the induction and modulation of cartilage hypertrophy is critical to the progression of EC ossification in bone regeneration designs. 9,33,34,[37][38][39][40][41][42][43]72,[77][78][79]…”

Current Progress on Tissue Engineering of Bone and Cartilage

“…The protocol has been modified with the addition of BMP-2 [78], BMP-4 [79], compactin [78], vitamin D3 [80], or Leucine-rich amelogenin peptide [81]. Compared with substantial evidences for in vitro osteogenic differentiation of ESCs, their capacities of in vivo bone formation appeared to be poor [82]. Jukes et al…”