Skiing and Snowboarding in Switzerland: Trends in Injury and Fatality Rates Over Time

Bianchi, Giannina; Brügger, Othmar; Niemann, Steffen

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-52755-0_3

Cited by 15 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…In comparison, studies by Shealy et al [9] and Ruedl et al [6] reported 38.5 ± 6.0 and 41.1 ± 6.4 deaths on average per winter season. The overall incidence rate of 0.70 deaths per million skier days is lower than shown in studies by Ruedl et al [6], Shealy et al [9] and Bianchi et al [8], reporting 0.79, 0.75 and 0.70 deaths per million skier days.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…Therefore, the present study included all deaths, both traumatic and nontraumatic, while Shealy et al [9] and Bianchi et al [8] only documented traumatic deaths. In the underlying study, the incidence of traumatic deaths was 0.36 per million skier days and was much lower compared to incidences reported by studies of Shealy et al [9] and Bianchi et al [8]. The abovementioned studies [8,9] analyzed deaths rates in the period from 1991/92 to 2012.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regarding traumatic and nontraumatic fatal injuries on ski slopes, a rising trend of deaths rates could be shown between the period 1980 and 2001 by Xiang and Stallones [7] and death rates ranged from 0.53 to 1.88 deaths per million skier days. Later, after the turn of the millennium, the number of traumatic deaths among skiers has remained relatively stable, with incidences ranging from 0.37 [6] to 0.70 [8] and 0.75 deaths per million skier days [9]. Due to the lack of published literature/studies, the development of nontraumatic death incidences in the last two decades cannot be described properly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To the best of our knowledge, no study investigated the potential risk factors regarding both traumatic and nontraumatic deaths on ski slopes. Furthermore, the majority of the available literature does not include data on nontraumatic deaths on ski slopes [8,9,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Incidences of Fatalities on Austrian Ski Slopes: A 10-Year Analysis

Posch

Schranz

Lener

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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The study evaluated incidences and potential differences of traumatic and nontraumatic fatalities among recreational skiers and snowboarders on Austrian ski slopes within a 10-year analysis. Within this retrospective study, data were collected by the Federal Ministry of the Interior. Data comprised all traumatic and nontraumatic deaths on Austrian ski slopes which occurred between the 2008/09 and 2017/18 winter seasons. Age, sex, nationality, gear used, altitude, slope difficulty, accident cause, primary cause of death and helmet use were collected at the death scene. Incidence of fatalities was calculated based on number of skier days. In total, 369 fatalities, with an average of 36.9 ± 7.9 fatalities per year, were registered. The yearly incidence of traumatic and nontraumatic deaths decreased by 25.8% and 40.1% during the 10-year time period, leading to an evaluated mean incidence of 0.70 deaths per million skier days, with an incidence of 0.36 traumatic deaths and 0.34 nontraumatic deaths per million skier days. Incidences of both traumatic and nontraumatic deaths decreased during the 10-year analysis, representing death as a rare event on Austrian ski slopes. However, adequate prevention measures to reduce potential risk factors to further reduce the mortality risk on ski slopes are needed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Incidences of Fatalities on Austrian Ski Slopes: A 10-Year Analysis

Posch

Schranz

Lener

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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“…The risk of sustaining an injury while snowboarding is higher than alpine skiing [2][3][4] and injury rates are among the highest of all sports in the 9 to 19-yearold age group [5]. In snowboarding, the wrist is the most frequently injured region [6][7][8], with wrist fractures a common occurrence [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of surrogate design on the measured stiffness of snowboarding wrist protectors

et al. 2018

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In snowboarding, the wrist is the most common injury site, as snowboarders often put their arms out to cushion a fall. This can result in a compressive load through the carpals coupled with wrist hyperextension, leading to ligament sprains or carpal and forearm bone fractures. Wrist protectors are worn by snowboarders in an effort to reduce injury risk, by decreasing peak impact forces and limiting wrist extension to prevent hyperextension during falls. There is no international standard or universally accepted performance specification that snowboarding wrist protectors should conform to, resulting in an inability to judge which designs offer the best protection. This study investigated how surrogate arm design affected the stiffness of wrist protectors during quasi-static mechanical testing. Three surrogate arms with increasing design complexity were used to test three wrist protectors. The results show that surrogate design does influence the stiffness of snowboarding wrist protectors. Given that the surrogate does influence protector performance, it is recommended that a standard surrogate design is established for research and product testing.

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