Skill in sport.

Abstract

This paper analyzes sport skill from an "expert" perspective. Data are presented to illustrate similar chunking and categorizing performance for sport experts to that found for experts in traditional cognitive skills. Extending the analysis to the acquisition of motor skill again suggests a parallel between sport and cognitive skill; that is, that motor skills become proceduralized. The nature of what proceduralization entails for the motor system is considered. Rather than being creatures in possession of superior nervous systems, sport experts are shown to have developed the same sort of specialized declarative and procedural knowledge as experts in cognitive domains. RESUME Dans cet article Phabilite sportive est analysee du point de vue de "l'expert." Les donnees presentees montrent qu'il y a chez l'expert sportif des performances de categorisation et de regroupement similaires a celles que Ton rencontre chez l'expert dans les habilites cognitives traditionnelles. L'extension de cette analyse a l'acquisition des habilites motrices revele un autre parallele possible entre le sport et l'habilite cognitive: les habilites motrices deviennent codecs en termes de procedures. La nature de ce que ce processus implique pour le systeme moteur est discutee. Plutot que d'etre des personnes au systeme ncrveux superieur, les experts sportifs sont des gens qui auraient developpe la meme sorte de savoir declaratif et procedural que les experts dans des domaines cognitifs.

Tomada de decisão no contexto esportivo

“…Já sobre a capacidade de detecção de sinais importantes, os estudos sobre esta variável, foram primeiramente desenvolvidos por Allard e colaboradores, no decorrer da década de 1980 (2,3,4) . Estes estudos apontam que a detecção de sinais é uma função da atenção responsável pela detecção do surgimento de determinado estímulo.…”

“…De modo geral, os estudos desenvolvidos por Allard (2,3,4) identificaram uma maior velocidade dos experts em detectar sinais perceptivos relevantes, evidenciando que, quando as características da tarefa exigem uma elevada velocidade perceptiva, a habilidade de detectar sinais relevantes mais rapidamente é determinante para a tomada de decisão.…”

A Theory of the Mind as a Complex System

“…Many other domains (e.g., viewing X-Ray slides of the human body: Lesgold et al, 1988;physics problems: Larkin, 1983; photographs of basketball games: Allard and Burnett, 1985; memory for plays in sport: Allard and Stakes, 1991) reveal the same sorts of perceptual differences between experts and novices. Such research on expertise has a number of features in common.…”

What is the point of motor planning?

“…Likewise, expert springboard divers reveal a greater number of connections between nodes, just like experts in problem-solving research (see Huber). Studies using sorting methods have shown that experts classify problems according to underlying functional principles, whereas novices operate more strongly with superficial features (Allard & Burnett, 1985;Russell & Salmela, 1992). Furthermore, questionnaire methods and interviews have revealed the structure and organization of movement knowledge in, for example, tennis (McPherson & Thomas, 1989, McPherson & Kernodle, 2003, Volleyball (McPherson & Vickers, in the part I of this special issue) and basketball (French & Thomas, 1987).…”