Skin cancer, including related pathways and therapy and the role of luteolin derivatives as potential therapeutics

Abstract

Cutaneous malignant melanoma is the fastest growing and the most aggressive form of skin cancer that is diagnosed. However, its incidence is relatively scarce compared to the highest mortality rate of all skin cancers. The much more common skin cancers include nonmelanoma malignant skin cancers. Moreover, over the past several decades, the frequency of all skin cancers has increased much more dynamically than that of almost any other type of cancer. Among the available therapeutic options for skin cancers, chemotherapy used immediately after the surgical intervention has been an essential element. Unfortunately, the main problem with conventional chemopreventive regimens involves the lack of response to treatment and the associated side effects. Hence, there is a need for much more effective anticancer drugs. Correspondingly, the targeted alternatives have involved phytochemicals, which are safer chemotherapeutic agents and exhibit competitive anticancer activity with high therapeutic efficacy. Among polyphenolic compounds, some flavonoids and their derivatives, which are mostly found in medicinal plants, have been demonstrated to influence the modulation of signaling pathways at each stage of the carcinogenesis process, which is also important in the context of skin cancers. Hence, this review focuses on an exhaustive overview of the therapeutic effects of luteolin and its derivatives in the treatment and prevention of skin cancers. The bioavailability and structure–activity relationships of luteolin derivatives are also discussed. This review is the first such complete account of all of the scientific reports concerning this particular group of natural compounds that target a specific area of neoplastic diseases.

The potential mechanism of Longsheyangquan Decoction on the treatment of bladder cancer: Systemic network pharmacology and molecular docking

“…Citrus fruits and extracts of many herbs are also rich in diosmetin ( Roowi and Crozier, 2011 ), another commonly encountered flavone with numerous pharmacological functions, such as anti-inflammation, anti-oxidative stress, and anti-neoplasia ( Roma et al, 2018 ; Chen et al, 2020 ; Ma and Zhang, 2020 ). Luteolin, also a natural flavonoid, has been proven to play an important role in anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiallergic, and anticancer processes ( Juszczak et al, 2022 ). It could suppress the growth of human bladder cancer cell line T24 by upregulating p21 and inhibiting mTOR signaling ( Iida et al, 2020 ).…”

The use of flavonoids in skin cancer prevention and treatment

“…UV radiation acts directly upon the DNA, damaging it and forming cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD). In most cases, the skin is able to repair the damage by photoreactivation, using photolysis, or by nucleotide excision repair (NER), removing the dimers and closing the incisions in the DNA [1]. NER malfunction has been shown in patients with the autosomal recessively inherited disease, xeroderma pigmentosum (XP).…”

“…Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma (CMM) is one of the most common and aggressive skin cancers in the Caucasian population. In Poland, approximately 2,500-3,000 cases of melanoma are reported annually, of which approximately 1,500 are detected in the advanced or disseminated stage [1]. It is characterized by mortality rates highest among all skin cancers.…”

“…Basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), adnexal tumours, cutaneous lymphomas, and Merkel cell carcinomas are all examples of non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC). These are the most prevalent types of skin cancer, 90% of which are BCC and SCC [1].…”

Aggregation-induced emission photosensitizer-based photodynamic therapy in cancer: from chemical to clinical

“…Chemotherapy used immediately after the surgery is an essential element and the key treatment modality in the available treatment options for skin cancer. Unfortunately, traditional chemoprevention regimens have major problems with lack of response to treatment and associated side effects [ 156 ]. Therefore, much more effective anti-cancer drugs and treatments are needed.…”