Skin in the diagnostics game: Wearable biosensor nano- and microsystems for medical diagnostics

Electroconductive multi-functional polypyrrole composites for biomedical applications

“…They are ideal diagnostic devices for personalized medicine. They may be applied on the surface of the skin or implanted inside the body [249] .…”

Recent Advances in the Fabrication and Functionalization of Flexible Optical Biosensors: Toward Smart Life-Sciences Applications

“…The combination of micro-and nano-technology for flexible plasmonic biosensors has given rise to platforms with integrated functions all focusing on a single device having a few-millimeters size. In these cases, microfluidics and microelectronics can be combined with flexible plasmonic platforms to produce wearable optical biosensors, whose readout can be performed to the naked eye or via integration with smartphones [ 41 ]. Wearable optical biosensors find their potential applications in the fast screening of the population for the detection of a target pathogen, which, in the era of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), have revealed as crucial to avoid the pandemic spreading of disease.…”

“…The concept of flexible optical biosensors has been introduced more recently, due to the necessity of creating some optical platforms capable of adapting to non-planar surfaces, boosted by the advent of flexible electronics [ 38 ] and photonics [ 39 ]. This property finds its natural application in wearable sensors, conforming to the skin [ 40 , 41 , 42 ], food-packaging (sensors for food monitoring) [ 1 , 43 ], real-time monitoring of healing processes [ 44 ], and 3D cell cultures in scaffolds and organoids (cellular growth rate monitoring) [ 45 ]. Other advantages of flexible plasmonic substrates rely on the rapid, real-time, and cost-effective monitoring of a target analyte.…”

Recent advances in biofluid detection with micro/nanostructured bioelectronic devices

“…Unfortunately, traditional sensors fail to meet these requirements, mostly due to the interference of multiple components. 13 Micro/nano structure designs have provided feasible solutions for the above outlined issues. They usually have a large relative area, and specific optical and electrical properties that serve as biosensor platforms for biological and biomedical applications.…”