Skipping breakfast is associated with the presence of cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents: Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents – ERICA

Abstract

Breakfast is considered as the most important meal of the day. The habit of skipping this meal in adolescence tends to remain until adulthood and has been associated with cardiometabolic risk factors. This study estimated the prevalence of skipping breakfast and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors. This is a cross-sectional study with data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA), with a nationally representative sample of 36,956 Brazilian adolescents, aged 10 to 17 years, enrolled in public and private schools. The outcomes were: excess body weight (body mass index), central obesity (waist circumference and waist/height ratio), lipid profile (total cholesterol, LDLc, HDLc, and triglycerides) and glycidic profile (fasting glycemia, fasting insulin, and glycated hemoglobin). The association between skipping breakfast and each outcome was estimated using multiple logistic regression models (Odds Ratio [OR] and 95% Confidence Interval). Prevalence of skipping breakfast was 68.7% and, after adjustments, it was associated with excess body weight (OR = 1.51), central obesity both by waist circumference (OR = 1.36) and by waist/height ratio (OR = 1.44) and high fasting glucose levels (OR = 1.54), fasting insulin (OR = 1.45), and glycated hemoglobin (OR = 1.23). Thus, skipping breakfast was high among adolescents and those who skip this meal are more likely to have total and central obesity, as well as high levels of total cholesterol, fasting insulin, fasting glycemia and glycated hemoglobin, regardless of factors relative to lifestyle and demographic and socioeconomic characteristics.

Associação entre composição domiciliar e consumo alimentar em adolescentes: uma revisão sistemática

“…13 Além disso, a omissão e a baixa frequência de refeições, observadas entre adolescentes de famílias monoparentais dos estudos incluídos na presente revisão, podem predizer a continuidade deste comportamento na idade adulta 30 e têm sido associadas ao excesso de peso em adolescentes. 1,[40][41][42] Timlin et al 43 realizaram estudo longitudinal com cinco anos de seguimento, avaliando 2.216 adolescentes e verificaram que o consumo frequente de café da manhã foi um marcador de estilo de vida saudável, sendo inversamente associado ao ganho de peso. Além disso, o consumo frequente de café da manhã associou-se à ingestão de maiores quantidades de energia, carboidratos e fibras, e menor de gordura saturada.…”

Can We Reverse this Trend? Exploring Health and Risk Behaviours of Grade 12 Cohorts of Ontario Students from 2013–2019

“…Despite the fact that many schools have breakfast programs, our results are consistent with reports that many students still skip breakfast [47] and the prevalence of this behaviour appears to be increasing. Breakfast skipping has been linked to reduced daily dietary intakes [48] and increased cardiometabolic risk [49]. Furthermore, those who skip breakfast may engage in irregular eating patterns (such as late night snacking), which can have a negative impact on sleep quality [36].…”

Breakfast consumption frequency is associated with dyslipidemia: a retrospective cohort study of a working population

“…However, there have been studies on the increasing prevalence of breakfast skipping, such as that from the United States, which reported that the prevalence has increased over the past 50 years, with up to 23.8% of young people skipping breakfast daily [ 15 , 16 ]. It has been reported that skipping breakfast is related to adolescent cardiometabolic risk factors such as an altered lipid profile [ 17 ]. Previous studies have found that metabolic syndrome is inversely related to breakfast consumption frequency [ 13 , 18 ].…”