Sleep Deprivation

Brauchi, John T.

doi:10.1001/jama.1959.03010190013003

Cited by 29 publications

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“…Participants described that their thoughts had become jumbled, and reported difficulties forming thoughts, finding words, and composing sentences ( 28 , 31 , 35 – 38 ). Memory loss was also a common feature, with participants forgetting names ( 34 , 35 , 37 , 39 , 41 , 45 ). Motor incoordination, unsteadiness, and ataxia, comparable to intoxication behavior, were also reported.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dissociation and depersonalization (11 studies, 52%), with participants experiencing a feeling of being separated from others, and estrangement ( 31 , 33 , 34 , 37 – 39 , 41 ). One participant reported, “I feel as if I'm not really all there.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Delusions (nine studies, 42%) (Appendix D in Supplementary Material) involved a range of classic delusional themes typically seen in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, including primary delusions ( 44 ), delusions of control ( 36 ), persecution or paranoia ( 3 , 28 , 35 , 39 , 41 ), delusions of jealousy ( 41 ), delusions of grandeur ( 41 , 43 ), and delusions of reduplication ( 40 , 41 ). One participant “felt responsible for the Egyptian-Israeli conflict, and that a female secret agent in Florida was trying to get him to return to the Suez Canal” ( 41 ), and another imagined himself to be “on secret missions for the president” ( 32 ). Another “had the conviction that his fellow participants were plotting to kill him and were going to stab him in the back with a pen knife” ( 39 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Severe Sleep Deprivation Causes Hallucinations and a Gradual Progression Toward Psychosis With Increasing Time Awake

et al. 2018

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Background: Going without sleep for long periods of time can produce a range of experiences, including perceptual distortions and hallucinations. Many questions, however, remain unanswered regarding the types of symptoms which are most reliably elicited, the time of symptom onset, and whether symptoms worsen over time toward psychotic decompensation. Since sleep deprivation exceeding 48 h is considered unethical today, an examination of historical studies with extreme sleep-loss duration is needed to obtain information about what happens during prolonged sleep loss.Methods: A systematic-review approach was used to identify experimental and observational studies of sleep deprivation in healthy people which describe the effects of prolonged sleep loss on psychopathological symptoms, without any date restriction.Results: A total of 476 articles were identified. Of these, 21 were eligible for inclusion. Duration of sleep loss ranged between 24 h and 11 nights (total 760 participants; average 72–92 h without sleep). All studies except one reported perceptual changes, including visual distortions (i.e., metamorphopsias), illusions, somatosensory changes and, in some cases, frank hallucinations. The visual modality was the most consistently affected (in 90% of the studies), followed by the somatosensory (52%) and auditory (33%) modalities. Symptoms rapidly developed after one night without sleep, progressing in an almost fixed time-dependent way. Perceptual distortions, anxiety, irritability, depersonalization, and temporal disorientation started within 24–48 h of sleep loss, followed by complex hallucinations and disordered thinking after 48–90 h, and delusions after 72 h, after which time the clinical picture resembled that of acute psychosis or toxic delirium. By the third day without sleep, hallucinations in all three sensory modalities were reported. A period of normal sleep served to resolve psychotic symptoms in many—although not all—cases.Conclusions: Psychotic symptoms develop with increasing time awake, from simple visual/somatosensory misperceptions to hallucinations and delusions, ending in a condition resembling acute psychosis. These experiences are likely to resolve after a period of sleep, although more information is required to identify factors which can contribute to the prevention of persistent symptoms.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Severe Sleep Deprivation Causes Hallucinations and a Gradual Progression Toward Psychosis With Increasing Time Awake

et al. 2018

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“…Participants were excluded if they were either smokers, using any kind of medication, regular caffeine consumers, 1 or if they had any history of neurological disease, substance abuse, head injury, or any medical condition that could jeopardize safety or ability to stay awake. Because very rarely, and indeed probably only in predisposed individuals, extreme TSD may provoke a psychotic episode~e.g., Bliss, Clark, & West, 1959;Brauchi & West, 1959;Johnson, 1969;Katz & Landis, 1935;Kornyi & Lehmann, 1960;Tyler, 1955!, potential participants who passed the initial screening were accordingly informed and administered a variation of the Structured Interview for DSM III-R Non-Patient edition~Spitzer, Williams, & Gibbons, 1987! for psychiatric conditions.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is pre‐attentive processing compromised by prolonged wakefulness? Effects of total sleep deprivation on the mismatch negativity

Raz¹,

Deouell²,

Bentin³

2001

Psychophysiology

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We investigated the potential influence of sustained wakefulness on pre-attentive capacities by recording the mismatch negativity (MMN), an electrophysiological manifestation associated with nonintentional detection of auditory oddball stimuli. The MMN was elicited by pitch deviants presented to both ears via earphones, at the beginning of a total sleep deprivation session (baseline), after 24 hr, and after 36 hr of continuous controlled wakefulness. A conspicuous MMN response was elicited at all three sessions. With time, however, a small yet significant gradual reduction in the MMN amplitude was evident. Whereas previous research suggested that controlled attention-demanding tasks are hampered by sleep deprivation, the balance of the present results suggests that passive (total) sleep deprivation may also bring about some degradation in the pre-attentive detection of environmental irregularities and as a consequence may disrupt the reflexive shift of attention induced by such events.

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“…Outside of the clinical realm a literature exists showing the effects of sleep deprivation on individuals in the general population. Small studies carried out in the 1950s and 1960s reported that sleep deprivation in otherwise healthy individuals leads to emergence of psychotic-like experiences, such as hallucinations, with the frequency and severity of these experiences increasing with time spent awake ( Bliss et al, 1959 , Brauchi and West, 1959 , Katz and Landis, 1935 , Luby et al, 1960 , Pasnau et al, 1968 , Ross, 1965 , West and Janszen, 1962 ). Illustrative descriptions from these studies include: “He saw a fine smoke begin to rise from the floor….as he stared at the floor more closely, fine jets of water appeared to be rising” ( Bliss et al, 1959 ) and: “During the course of the vigil Z [attributed] persecutory intent to one of the experimenters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of sleep dysfunction in the occurrence of delusions and hallucinations: A systematic review

Reeve

Sheaves

Freeman

2015

Clinical Psychology Review

206

149

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BackgroundSleep dysfunction is extremely common in patients with schizophrenia. Recent research indicates that sleep dysfunction may contribute to psychotic experiences such as delusions and hallucinations.ObjectivesThe review aims to evaluate the evidence for a relationship between sleep dysfunction and individual psychotic experiences, make links between the theoretical understanding of each, and highlight areas for future research.MethodA systematic search was conducted to identify studies investigating sleep and psychotic experiences across clinical and non-clinical populations.Results66 papers were identified. This literature robustly supports the co-occurrence of sleep dysfunction and psychotic experiences, particularly insomnia with paranoia. Sleep dysfunction predicting subsequent psychotic experiences receives support from epidemiological surveys, research on the transition to psychosis, and relapse studies. There is also evidence that reducing sleep elicits psychotic experiences in non-clinical individuals, and that improving sleep in individuals with psychosis may lessen psychotic experiences. Anxiety and depression consistently arise as (partial) mediators of the sleep and psychosis relationship.ConclusionStudies are needed that: determine the types of sleep dysfunction linked to individual psychotic experiences; establish a causal connection between sleep and psychotic experiences; and assess treatments for sleep dysfunction in patients with non-affective psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia.

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Sleep Deprivation

Cited by 29 publications

References 0 publications

Severe Sleep Deprivation Causes Hallucinations and a Gradual Progression Toward Psychosis With Increasing Time Awake

Severe Sleep Deprivation Causes Hallucinations and a Gradual Progression Toward Psychosis With Increasing Time Awake

Is pre‐attentive processing compromised by prolonged wakefulness? Effects of total sleep deprivation on the mismatch negativity

The role of sleep dysfunction in the occurrence of delusions and hallucinations: A systematic review

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