Sleep-Induction Effects of GABA Coated Rice from Fermentation of Mono Sodium Glutamate

Abstract

GABA는 포유류의 신경전달물질의 분비를 억제하며, 신경안정 작용, 스트레스 해소, 우울증 완화, 불면 등에 효과가 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 곡류식품에 존재하는 GABA 함량은 일반미 1∼4 mg/100 g, 현미 4∼8 mg/100 g으로 알려져 있지만, 그 함량이 낮아 자연 식품으로부터 섭취하는 양으로는 생리활성을 기대하기 어렵다. 본 연구에서는 mono sodium glutamate (MSG)발효로 얻은 GABA 코팅 쌀이 신경안정제 뿐만 아니라 수면유도제로 쓰이는 melatonin과 serotonin의 생성 촉진 효과를 알아보았다. 그 결과 melatonin의 경우 GABA (25 mg/mL) 투여군은 3.515 ± 0.149 pg/mL, 일반 미 공급군의 경우 2.632 ± 0.188 pg/mL이며, GABA 코팅 쌀 공급군은 3.578 ± 0.158 pg/mL로 나타났다. Serotonin 함량 을 측정한 결과 GABA (25 mg/mL), 일반미 공급군은 각각 5.183 ± 0.142 ng/mL, 4.784 ± 0.108 ng/mL가 측정되었으며 GABA 코팅 쌀을 공급한 실험군은 5.918 ± 0.169 ng/mL의 serotonin이 생성되었다. GABA 코팅 쌀의 지속적인 섭취로 인해 melatonin과 serotonin은 유의적인 증가는 있었지만, 누적효과는 없었다. 기능성 식품으로 개발된 GABA 코팅 쌀을 지속적으로 섭취하면 일반미에서 섭취하여 얻을 수 있는 melatonin과 serotonin의 유도효과를 얻을 수 있고, GABA 25 mg/mL를 섭취하는 것과 비슷한 효과를 나타낼 수 있다고 사료된다.Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid widely present in organisms, which has shown several important physiological functions such as neurotransmission, hypotension induction, as well as diuretic and tranquilizer effects. They have also been extensively used in food industry. GABA contents in the grain and brown rice are about 1∼4 mg/100 g and 4∼8 mg/100 g, respectively but it is difficult to expect physiological activity from such low amounts of natural food intake. We investigate the effects of GABA-coated rice on the secretion of melatonin and serotonin which both have been used as sleep inductive compounds. As a result, the secretion of melatonin and serotonin from mice were found to be 3.578 ± 0.158 pg/mL, 5.918 ± 0.169 ng/mL respectively. The melatonin and serotonin in mice increased significantly up to the 8.7 and 22.8 times respectively, when compared to that of the rice, but there was no cumulative effects. Due to the continuous intake of GABA-coated rice, which was developed as a functional food nutrient, inductive effects of melatonin and serotonin from general rice could be achieved and also the similar effect as taking up directly 25 mg/mL of GABA could be obtained.

Psychobiotic Potential of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid–Producing Marine Enterococcus faecium SH9 from Marine Shrimp

“…GAD genes are discovered in the gut microbiome, and GABA-producing probiotic strains affect health and behavior in animal models. GABA’s sleep-inducing impact has also been demonstrated in animal studies, which revealed that a group fed GABA-containing milk produced more melatonin and serotonin, both of which are regarded as sleep inducers [ 58 ]. The ability to produce GABA may be a significant trait in the selection of bacterial strains as psychobiotics, as it is thought to be involved in the interaction of gut microbiota with macroorganisms.…”

Production of GABA (gamma amino butyric acid) by Lactic Acid Bacteria

“…This means that GABA can be used as a material with enough competitiveness in many domestic drinking populations. Also, Kim et al (2010) conducted study on the sleep-inducing effects of GABA by obtaining the result about the significant increase of melatonin and serotonin in case of eating over a certain amount of GABA produced by lactic acid bacteria through animal test. It means that GABA can get the spotlight as the food ingredient to prevent insomnia increasing rapidly due to such a stress recently if the effectiveness is proven.…”

Treatment of GABA from Fermented Rice Germ Ameliorates Caffeine-Induced Sleep Disturbance in Mice

“…Thus, it is also possible that GABA targets other receptors and independent pathways which have direct involvement in sleep physiology. For example, GABA may increase the levels of melatonin and serotonin in the brain adding to its sleep-promoting properties ( Kim et al ., 2010 ). Indeed, there is a need for further mechanistic studies to explain the action of GABA extracts in the brain.…”