Sleep patterns and sleepiness among young students: A longitudinal study before and after admission as trainees and apprentices

Abstract

In developing countries, youngsters start to work during the high school years. Several studies have shown the difficulties associated with double shift, i.e. to work and study concomitantly, and its negative health consequences. Work and study time, as social synchronizers, have significant effects on the sleep-wake cycle (SWC). The purpose of this study was to evaluate sleep patterns and sleepiness in young students before and after entering the workforce as apprentices or trainees. Participants were 40 adolescents (26 males), 15-18 years old (mean = 15.8 years old) engaged in a first-job program at a non-governmental organization (NGO) while attending evening high school in the outskirts of the city of São Paulo, Brazil. The participants wore actigraphs (Ambulatory Monitoring, Inc.) and registered subjective sleepiness on KSS (Karolinska Sleepiness Scale) along 7 consecutive days, before and after admission to the job. Descriptive analyses were performed, and the variables were tested by means of the t-test and repeated measures ANOVA taking factors day of the week and time of the day into consideration. The participants' sleep duration on weekdays exhibited significant difference before and after starting work (F = 4.55; p = 0.04); the mean sleep duration was 492 min (SD = 44 min) before admission to the job to decrease to 405 min (SD = 58 min) after starting work. The mid-sleep time exhibited significant difference on weekdays before and after starting work (04:57 h; SD = 45 min versus 03:30 h; SD = 54 min; F = 4.91; p = 0.03). Finally, also sleepiness on weekdays (F = 6.41; p = 0.04) and at the waking time (F = 10.75; p < 0.01) exhibited significant difference before and after admission to the job. This article emphasizes the fact that social synchronizers like working during the day and studying in the evening changed the participants' SWC and were associated with sleep restriction. Brazilian governmental incentives notwithstanding, simultaneous performance of several activities by young workers should be considered as an occupational health hazard. Employment policies targeting young workers should take the dual shift - study and work - and its effects on the sleep-wake cycle into account.

Qualidade do sono e cronotipo de estudantes de enfermagem

“…(15) The negative impact of the double journey (workstudy) in the sleep of young Brazilian students in the city of São Paulo was confirmed by comparing their sleep rates before the start of the double journey and after engaging with study and work commitments, showing a significant difference between the mean values of sleep time. (16) These findings, together with the results found in the present study are disturbing because sleeping is associated with different modes of memory processing, favoring its consolidation and the recovery of stimuli required at the moment of wakefulness. (17) The lack of sleep may interfere in the process of consolidating students' knowledge and in the quality of trained professionals.…”

Assessing sleep quality of Lebanese high school students in relation to lifestyle: pilot study in Beirut

“…This difference caused by school and work time is called social jetlag (24). However, it often happens that sleep is not fully recovered, since social incentives such as part-time work and going out with friends push them to sleep still later; sometimes up to > 2 hours the day after the weekend compared to school days (15,25).…”

Associação Entre Qualidade Do Sono, Bruxismo Do Sono E Sonolência Diurna Excessiva Em Adolescentes / Sleep Quality and Its Association With Sleep Bruxism and Daytime Sleepiness in Adolescents

“…With regard to the binomial sleep deprivation and occupational situation, the tendency is for adolescents from families with less favored socioeconomic conditions to be inserted in the labor market in order to contribute to the household income and maintenance of the family's needs (PINTO et al, 2018). Studies have found that adolescents who work tend to have a poor sleep quality (FISCHER et al, 2014;PINTO et al, 2018), since they feel more tired after having a double shift.…”