Slip on an active wedge thrust from geodetic observations of the 8 October 2005 Kashmir earthquake

Bendick, Rebecca; Bilham, Roger; Khan, Muhammad Asif; Khan, Shah Faisal

doi:10.1130/g23158a.1

Cited by 62 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The causative fault determined on the basis of seismic data, strikes 3318 and dip N308E with focal depth at 20 km. The earthquake originated over the wedge décollement reactivating the BBF (Bendick et al 2007). The BBF cuts across the Hazara syntaxis structure and the MBT suggesting its origin independent of the MBT.…”

Section: Delineation Of Source Zonesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Probabilistic seismic hazard map of NW Himalaya and its adjoining area, India

et al. 2009

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The seismically active Northwest (NW) Himalaya falls within Seismic Zone IV and V of the hazard zonation map of India. The region has suffered several moderate (*25), large-to-great earthquakes (*4) since Assam earthquake of 1897. In view of the major advancement made in understanding the seismicity and seismotectonics of this region during the last two decades, an updated probabilistic seismic hazard map of NW Himalaya and its adjoining areas covering 28-34°N and 74-82°E is prepared. The northwest Himalaya and its adjoining area is divided into nineteen different seismogenic source zones; and two different region-specific attenuation relationships have been used for seismic hazard assessment. The peak ground acceleration (PGA) estimated for 10% probability of exceedance in 50 and 10 years at locations defined in the grid of 0.25 9 0.25°. The computed seismic hazard map reveals longitudinal variation in hazard level along the NW Himalayan arc. The high hazard potential zones are centred around Kashmir region (0.70 g/0.35 g), Kangra region (0.50 g/0.020 g), Kaurik-Spitti region (0.45 g/0.20 g), Garhwal region (0.50 g/0.20 g) and Darchula region (0.50 g/0.20 g) with intervening low hazard area of the order of 0.25 g/0.02 g for 10% probability in 50 and 10 years in each region respectively.

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Section: Delineation Of Source Zonesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Probabilistic seismic hazard map of NW Himalaya and its adjoining area, India

et al. 2009

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“…It is also possible that the heterogeneity we describe may influence seismic hazards, as mechanical properties determine whether tectonic loading is accommodated by the earthquake cycle or other unrecoverable plastic and viscous mechanisms. At present, although the surface geology clearly indicates compositional differences, a range of applications including elastic strain accumulation for seismic hazard [e.g., Bollinger et al, 2004;Drukpa et al, 2012;Schiffman et al, 2013], orogenic continuum mechanics [e.g., Bendick and Ehlers, 2014], and even structural interpretations from geodesy [e.g., Jouanne et al, 2011;Bendick et al, 2007] all approximate Himalayan architecture as laterally homogeneous. Our data confirm Hetland and Hager's [2004] observation that interpretations of interseismic deformation are less sensitive to this lateral inhomogeneity than measurements of postseismic deformation.…”

Section: 1002/2015gl064670mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For all models, the coseismic rupture geometry consists of a single planar dislocation with strike of 330°, dip of 30°, and length of 96 km, consistent with the seismic focal mechanism and other coseismic models [Avouac et al, 2006;Parsons et al, 2006;Pathier et al, 2006;Bendick et al, 2007;Yan et al, 2013]. We impose a smoothed slip distribution along the rupture plane, based on averaging the reported coseismic slip distributions from Avouac et al [2006], Pathier et al [2006], and Yan et al [2013].…”

Section: 1002/2015gl064670mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some data have been interpreted to support a second fault segment with much less slip to the north [Bendick et al, 2007] or northeast [Jouanne et al, 2011] of the main rupture, based on relatively large coseismic [Bendick et al, 2007] or postseismic [Jouanne et al, 2011] surface displacements north of the termination of the main rupture.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Coseismic slip models for the rupture inverted from seismic waveforms , optical image correlation [Avouac et al, 2006], GPS [Bendick et al, 2007], and SAR interferometry [Yan et al, 2013;Pathier et al, 2006] all indicate 4-8 m of slip on a~30°dipping plane reaching the surface along a 75 km long rupture trace on the Tanda and Muzaffarabad faults ( Figure 1). Some data have been interpreted to support a second fault segment with much less slip to the north [Bendick et al, 2007] or northeast [Jouanne et al, 2011] of the main rupture, based on relatively large coseismic [Bendick et al, 2007] or postseismic [Jouanne et al, 2011] surface displacements north of the termination of the main rupture.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Postseismic relaxation in Kashmir and lateral variations in crustal architecture and materials

Bendick

Khan

Bürgmann

et al. 2015

Geophysical Research Letters

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Thirty horizontal displacement time series from GPS sites in the area around the 2005 Kashmir earthquake show lateral spatial variations in displacement magnitude and relaxation time for the postseismic interval from 2005 to 2012. The observed spatial pattern of surface displacements can only be reproduced by finite element models of postseismic deformation in elastic over viscoelastic crust that include lateral differences in both the thickness of the elastic layer and the viscosity of the viscoelastic layer. Solutions reproducing the sign of horizontal displacements everywhere in the epicentral region also require afterslip on the portion of the fault dislocation in the viscoelastic layer but not in the elastic lid. Although there are substantial tradeoffs among contributions to postseismic displacements of the surface, the observations preclude both crustal homogeneity and shallow afterslip. In the best family of solutions, the thickness of the elastic upper crust differs by a factor of 5 and the viscosity of the middle and lower crust by an order of magnitude between domains north and south of a suture zone containing the Main Boundary Thrust and Main Mantle Thrust.

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Seismic slip deficit in the Kashmir Himalaya from GPS observations

Schiffman

Bali

Szeliga

et al. 2013

Geophysical Research Letters

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123

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GPS measurements in Kashmir Himalaya reveal range‐normal convergence of 11 ± 1 mm/yr with dextral shear of 5 ± 1 mm/yr. The transition from a fully locked 170 km wide décollement to the unrestrained descending Indian plate occurs at ~25 km depth over an ~23 km wide transition zone. The convergence rate is consistent with the lower bounds of geological estimates for the Main Frontal Thrust, Riasi, and Balapora fault systems, on which no surface slip has been reported in the past millennium. Of the 14 damaging Kashmir earthquakes since 1123, none may have exceeded Mw = 7.6. Therefore, either a seismic moment deficit equivalent to a Mw ≈ 8.7 earthquake exists or the historical earthquake magnitudes have been underestimated. Alternatively, these earthquakes have occurred on reverse faults in the Kashmir Valley, and the décollement has been recently inactive. Although this can reconcile the inferred and theoretical moment release, it is quantitatively inconsistent with observed fault slip in Kashmir.

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Slip on an active wedge thrust from geodetic observations of the 8 October 2005 Kashmir earthquake

Cited by 62 publications

References 13 publications

Probabilistic seismic hazard map of NW Himalaya and its adjoining area, India

Probabilistic seismic hazard map of NW Himalaya and its adjoining area, India

Postseismic relaxation in Kashmir and lateral variations in crustal architecture and materials

Seismic slip deficit in the Kashmir Himalaya from GPS observations

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