“…The term badland originates from the early French colonists in northern America who encountered terrain that was bad, or diffi cult to cross (WAINWRIGHT & BRAZIER, 2011). There are many defi nitions of badlands in the literature but they all refer to the relief with or without sparse vegetation cover, steep slope inclination, a dense hydrographic network, with or without a thin regolitht, and the materials are usually unconsolidated or weakly consolidated clay rich bedrock.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 98%
“…On a smaller scale (in area and time), the badlands as landforms can be used as case studies for research and understanding the bigger systems (WAINWRIGHT & BRAZIER, 2011) because all the exogenetic processes: weathering, denudation and deposition occur and interweave there. Changes which occur on bad land relief are dynamic, and can be measured because they happen in a relatively short time span.…”
The south-western part of Croatia, i.e. the area of central Istria, comprises the research area, (approximately 500 km 2 ). It is characterized by a fl ysch complex with a great number of isolated relief landforms, termed badlands. The importance of badlands (areas with sparse or no vegetation) lies in the fact that sediment production from these areas is 8000 times higher than from areas with vegetation. Here, the badland inventory presents 5568 distinguishable badlands (polygons) with a total badland area of 10.7 km 2 . Spatial analysis of the badland inventory showed that erosive channel fl ow at the steep slope foot is the most important factor in badland formation and development for the area of central Istria.
“…The term badland originates from the early French colonists in northern America who encountered terrain that was bad, or diffi cult to cross (WAINWRIGHT & BRAZIER, 2011). There are many defi nitions of badlands in the literature but they all refer to the relief with or without sparse vegetation cover, steep slope inclination, a dense hydrographic network, with or without a thin regolitht, and the materials are usually unconsolidated or weakly consolidated clay rich bedrock.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 98%
“…On a smaller scale (in area and time), the badlands as landforms can be used as case studies for research and understanding the bigger systems (WAINWRIGHT & BRAZIER, 2011) because all the exogenetic processes: weathering, denudation and deposition occur and interweave there. Changes which occur on bad land relief are dynamic, and can be measured because they happen in a relatively short time span.…”
The south-western part of Croatia, i.e. the area of central Istria, comprises the research area, (approximately 500 km 2 ). It is characterized by a fl ysch complex with a great number of isolated relief landforms, termed badlands. The importance of badlands (areas with sparse or no vegetation) lies in the fact that sediment production from these areas is 8000 times higher than from areas with vegetation. Here, the badland inventory presents 5568 distinguishable badlands (polygons) with a total badland area of 10.7 km 2 . Spatial analysis of the badland inventory showed that erosive channel fl ow at the steep slope foot is the most important factor in badland formation and development for the area of central Istria.
“…Thus many definitions of badland exist. However, attributes which are common to all definitions include: deeply dissected landscape;high drainage density;lack of vegetation;erosion into soft materials;due to the loss of soil, a lack of value for agriculture or pasture.(Moore, ; Soil Science Society of America, ; Goudie, ; Gregory, ; Wainwright and Brazier, ). A general definition of badlands which brings together these attributes is one by Torri and Rodolfi (): ‘densely dissected areas, which have been severely degraded and where soil has disappeared or lost most of its fertility.…”
Land degradation in South Africa has been of concern for over a hundred years with both climate change and inappropriate land management (overgrazing) being proposed as primary drivers.However, there are few quantitative studies of degradation and, in particular, few of erosion by water. Badlands, taken here to be the landform which results from extreme erosion , have been notably neglected.We report on 13 consecutive years of erosion pin measurements of badland erosion on ten study sites in the Sneeuberg uplands of the eastern Karoo in South Africa. The study sites are on Holocene colluvium which mantles footslopes. They have been subject to overgrazing for at least 100 years, c. 1850-1950. Currently they are lightly grazed by sheep. The area receives about 500 mm rainfall per year. The sites are remote, with only informal, farmer-operated, daily raingauges nearby. The nearest sub-daily raingauge is c. 55 km distant. Also we report on an analysis of the erosion pin data which focuses on establishing the origins and context of the badlands, including the relationship between study sites and adjacent valley-bottom gully systems; compare erosion rates on our study sites with rates determined by erosion pins on other badland sites; and discuss the implications of these erosion rates for landscape development and off-site impacts.Net erosion rates on the study sites are relatively high compared to global badland rates and range from 3.1 to 8.5 mm yr -1 which may be extrapolated to 53 to 145 t ha yr -1 (using a measured bulk 1 density of 1.7 g cm -3). However, comparisons with badland sites elsewhere are difficult because of different measuring methodologies, lithologies, climate and dominant processes.Erosion rates on the study sites are strongly influenced by rainfall amounts and, in particular, by daily rainfall events which exceed ~10mm: this is the threshold intensity at which runoff has been observed to commence on badlands. Of significance, but of lesser influence, is weathering, mainly by wetting and drying: this prepares bare surfaces for erosion. However, questions remain regarding the role of site characteristics, and of processes at each site, in determining between-site differences in erosion rate.Crude extrapolation of current rates of erosion, in conjunction with depths of incision into the badlands, suggests that badland development started around 200 years ago, probably as a response to the introduction of European-style stock farming which resulted in overgrazing. We assume, but cannot quantify, the additional influence of periods of drought and burning in the erosional history of the area. Intermittent connection of these badlands to valley-bottom gullies and therefore to small farm dams and ultimately to large water storage reservoirs increases their impact on local water resources.
“…As observed by Tsui et al [14], Sidari et al [15], as well as Griffiths et al [16], soil chemical processes are influenced by aspect, slope, and elevation as a result of rainfall intensity and incident solar radiation. As noted by Wainright and Brazier [8], slope is referred to as the single most significant aspect of the surface form. Slope angle drives geomorphic processes by influencing water flow rate, colluvial material velocity, and soil infiltration.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 98%
“…The results of the aforementioned researches helped in understanding and finding solutions to the environmental and ecological problems which confronted the said areas. As opined by Wainright and Brazier [8], assessment of morphometric parameters helps in determining the nature of the surface of the earth (topography of an area).…”
This study was conducted in Stubbs Creek Forest Reserve, (SCFR) Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The aim was to analyse the morphometric traits of this area, using some relevant terrain attributes (elevation, slope and aspect) in ascertaining areas threatened by significant ecological problems such as flood, erosion and others. In terms of method of study, a digital elevation model (DEM) was purchased as a raster with longitude and latitude; geo-referenced, but re-projected to WGS, UTM zone 32 N in order to enhance data integration into the GIS interfaces. The surface operation tool of ArcGIS 9.3 spatial analyst extension was used to extract the different layers being elevation, slope and aspect. These were subjected to reclassification function in the same software to harmonise the units of measurement for integration into the same analysis environment. After reclassification, the layers were taken to map algebra environment to model erosion, flood hazards and possibility of siltation of streams, tributaries and wetlands in this area. Consequently, slope, elevation and aspect were the surface layers utilized for the single output map algebra. The result confirmed the elevation of this area to be low-lying altitude above the mean sea level with Open Water, Sea Level Terrain, Beach Ridge Complex, Alluvial Plain Sands with Mangroves and Gently Undulating Coastal Plain Sands as the five significant terrain classes in SCFR. The result further revealed that areas without adequate vegetation cover recorded series of ecological hitches than areas with adequate vegetation cover. Specifically, the identified problems included water pollution, coastal erosion, land degradation, soil contamination, flood, habitat fragmentation, distortion of wetlands and siltation of streams, rills and tributaries which restriction of anthropogenic activities and adequate restoration measures in SCFR are strongly recommended for its sustainability.
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