The ability to predictably control
the nuclearity of metal complexes
is vital in developing functional coordination compounds and metal–organic
frameworks. However, consistent nuclearity control achieving complexes
of different nuclearities using a series of ligands is difficult,
especially when the metal ion involved does not show any crystal field
stabilization energy for a particular geometry. Herein, a series of
three mononuclear (M1–M3) and the corresponding
trinuclear (T1–T3) Zn(II) complexes have been
synthesized from a series of near-infrared (NIR)-emitting ligands
(HL1–HL3) through counterion control
(ZnCl2 vs Zn(OAc)2). The structural analyses
revealed a regular distorted tetrahedral geometry for the mononuclear
complexes, M1–M3. However, the complexes T1–T3 showed a rare trinuclear structure, in which
two deprotonated ligand molecules coordinate with three Zn(II) centers
such that a central octahedral Zn ion is connected to two terminal
tetrahedral Zn ions through phenolate and acetate bridging groups.
Intramolecular π–π stacking interactions between
the constituting ligands play significant roles in forming such a
rare geometry. The plausible reasons for the counterion-controlled
nuclearity have been proposed along with successful interconversion
of trinuclear complexes to mononuclear complexes at 65 °C. The
complexes M1–M3 and T1–T3 exhibited
substituent and nuclearity-dependent photophysical properties. In
the solid state, two of the mononuclear complexes, M1 and M2, displayed NIR emissions (661–670 nm),
while the trinuclear complexes T1–T3 emitted yellow/orange
fluorescence (572–607 nm). The complexes M2 and T1 were successfully tested as latent fingerprint (LFP) imaging
agents on several non-infiltrating and semi-infiltrating substrates,
including everyday household objects, using the powder dusting method.
In all these cases, highly fluorescent LFP images with high sensitivity,
selectivity, and contrast and low background interference have been
obtained.