Small amounts of pesticides reaching target insects

Pimentel, David; Burgess, Michael

doi:10.1007/s10668-011-9325-5

Cited by 70 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Pesticides which are used by man to improve the quality and quantity of crops find their way in aquatic environments via aerial drifts during spraying, leaching and as runoffs after heavy rains. In fact literature shows that of the pesticides applied by farmers only 50% gets to the target organisms [16] and the rest end up on nontarget organisms where they usually cause deleterious effects on these organisms. Literature reports show that metals and pesticides induce oxidative stress in cells of living organisms and this result from an imbalance between the generation and elimination of reactive oxygen species [17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pollutants, Snails, Oxidative-Stress, Organophosphates, Metals

Basopo¹,

Ngabaza²

2015

ABC

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Aquatic reservoirs remain the ultimate sink of chemical pollutants emanating from anthropogenic activities such as agriculture, mining and industry. Freshwater biota undoubtedly is at risk from the adverse effects of these water pollutants and there is therefore, a need to monitor effects of these chemical pollutants in order to safeguard the health of aquatic biota. We investigated the oxidative stress effects of chlorpyrifos and lead on the freshwater snail Helisoma duryi to assess the potential of using this enzyme system as a biondicator of exposure to environmental pollutants. Groups of snails were exposed to 5 ppb lead acetate and 25 ppb chlorpyrifos for 7 days after which half of the snails were sacrificed and the other half were allowed to recover in clean water and sacrificed after another 7 days. Post mitochondrial fractions were used to measure the activities of the following antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase and diphosphotriphosphodiaphorase. Both pollutants enhanced the activities of all the antioxidant enzymes suggesting a defensive mechanism by the snail to combat the oxidative stress due to the organophosphate chlopryrifos and metal pollutant lead. There was a significant recovery of the antioxidant defense system of the snails allowed to recover in clean water shown by the reduced alteration of the antioxidant enzyme activities of the snails allowed to recover for 7 days. This suggests the need to minimize exposure of aquatic biota to chemical pollutants and remediate the polluted water reservoirs in order to safeguard the health of aquatic life.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pollutants, Snails, Oxidative-Stress, Organophosphates, Metals

Basopo¹,

Ngabaza²

2015

ABC

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“…However, despite the investment in pesticides, pests are calculated to destroy 50% of treated crops worldwide [19]. Yet, at the same time, millions of humans suffer the effects of pesticide poisonings each year [20]. The overuse of chemical pesticides, combined with monocropping, is also the cause of the loss of biodiversity [21], while the overuse of fertilisers is one of the main causes of water pollutant runoff and leaching [22].…”

Section: Accounting For the Impact Of Farming On Climate Changementioning

confidence: 99%

Agriculture, Profitability and Climate Change: Can Accounting Help Identify Best Farming Practices? Empirical Case Study in Spain

Antonini¹,

Argilés‐Bosch²

2017

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We perform an empirical analysis on the benefits of, and the challenges faced by, sustainability accounting in measuring the effects of climate change for a sample of Spanish rice farms. We use farm yields, revenues and incomes as indicators of economic performance, and greenhouse gas emissions, and direct and indirect energy consumption as indicators of climate change effects. According to our data, farms with higher yields, revenues and income are responsible for a greater environmental impact, measured in total gigajoules of energy consumed and tons of carbon dioxide emitted, than farms with a lower economic performance. Results show that in our sample the achievement of higher yields is attributable to the greater use of chemical inputs and fossil fuels and not to innovative and sustainable farming practices. The results indicate that accounting for climate change effects is not only possible but also necessary to provide more accurate information on the overall costs and benefits of farming. Greater transparency in accounting information should serve to highlight which farming activities are better able to reduce climate change impacts.

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“…60.3% understood that the incidence of pests and disease has been increased by 10%, 23% think it has been increased by 10 and tomatoes to sell to consumers. But, the problem on here is that the delay of application of deltamethrin for tomato is 2 days and beans 7 days.…”

Section: Incidence Of Pests and Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite increasing application of tons of pesticides worldwide, more than 40% of all potential food production and another 20% of the harvested crop is lost to pests [9]. Only a small amount of this applied pesticide actually reaches the intended target organism and the vast majority ends up elsewhere in the environment [10]. Less than one percent of pesticides applied to the agriculture reach their pests, and more than 99% of it adversely affects unintended targets including the public and environmental health [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2017

RJLBPCS

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ABSTRACT:The Mauritian agriculture is now shifting from sugarcane production to the growing of vegetables and fruits in a means to reduce net importing figures of fruits and vegetables. In an effort to adapt to challenges facing the agricultural sector, governmental and non-governmental organizations have consistently promoted pesticides as a yield augmenting and sole pests and disease combating means. Moreover, the extensive use of chemical pesticides in agriculture has also led to an increase in pest' resistance, serious environmental contamination and toxic residue accumulation. Many unsustainable agricultural practices have led to soil degradation mainly through loss of organic matter leading to a decrease in soil fertility. A study was conducted, where 300 farmers coming from the nine different districts in Mauritius were interviewed on the use of pesticides.A fully structured questionnaire was used to assess the environmental, socio-economic and agricultural impact of using pesticides. The main objective was to determine the main factors motivating farmers to use pesticides. The answers received from farmers originating from 5 main regions in Mauritius were analyzed. The regions were: (a) North, (b) East, (c) South, (d) West and (e) Centre. The findings demonstrated that more than 90 % of vegetable growers used pyrethroids group of pesticides. A factor analysis was conducted and the results of the statistical analysis showed that influence by fellow farmers was the main factor influencing farmers to use pesticides, followed by pricing and efficacy of pesticides, experience in farming, effectiveness of results, availability of pesticides and quickness of results.

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Small amounts of pesticides reaching target insects

Cited by 70 publications

References 1 publication

Pollutants, Snails, Oxidative-Stress, Organophosphates, Metals

Pollutants, Snails, Oxidative-Stress, Organophosphates, Metals

Agriculture, Profitability and Climate Change: Can Accounting Help Identify Best Farming Practices? Empirical Case Study in Spain

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