Small cell lung cancer transformation during antitumor therapies: A systematic review

Chai, X; Zhang, Xinru; Li, Wenqian; Chai, Jin

doi:10.1515/med-2021-0321

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…e resistance mutation first described is a point mutation of p.C797S in EGFR Exon 20. [1] In this reported case, the patient's primary tumor was having a deletion mutation in the Exon 19 and was initiated on Gefitinib, later developed Exon 20 insertion positive lesion in the brain which also responded well to the second-generation TKI. Ham et al reported two cases of lung carcinoma having two different mutations following treatment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…Carcinoma of the lung is having the highest rate of mortality among all cancers. [1] It is classified into two major categories: Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) occurring in 15% of the cases and non-SCLC occurring in the rest of the 85% of cases. e most common two pathological variants are adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Overall 5-year overall survival rate (OS) ranges from 4% to 7% despite the multiple antitumor therapies. [1] Epidermal growth factor receptor mutation (EGFR) plays a crucial role in the management of non-SCLC. [2] Treatment of choice ranges from firstgeneration tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) including Gefitinib and Erlotinib to second-generation TKI inhibitors (Afatinib).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A rare case of Exon 19 deletion transforming to Exon 20 insertion in a case of adenocarcinoma of lung

Darling

Sud

2022

IJMIO

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Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutations play an important role in the presentation, prognosis, and management of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Several clinical studies claimed the incidence of EGFR Exon 20 insertion mutations in NSCLC and have similar clinical characteristics to those with common EGFR mutations but poorer prognosis. Insertion mutations within the Exon 20 of the EGFR gene are typically located after the C-helix of the tyrosine kinase to result in the domain of EGFR and have been reported to increase the kinase activity of the protein. This eventually leads to the ligand-independent activation of several downstream pathways such as mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (Pi3K)-(mTOR) mammalian target of rapamycin pathways, which are involved in several cellular processes such as cell proliferation, metastasis, and migration while preventing apoptosis. Thus, EGFR exon insertion mutations are gain of function mutations. Specific EGFR and frame-in insertions occur in 3–7% of NSCLC and are known to predict primary resistance to treatment with all clinically available EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Many clinical and preclinical studies have reported significant antitumor activity with various first and second-generation EGFR TKIs such as Erlotinib, Gefitinib, and Afatinib and have led to prolonged survival in EGFR mutated patients, as compared to wild-type EGFR tumors with chemotherapy. In addition, third-generation EGFR TKIs, such as Osimertinib, have shown encouraging results in metastatic NSCLC patients harboring EGFR mutations including EGFR, p. Thr790Met-mutations, that have shown to confer resistance to first and second-generation EGFR TKIs and who have progressed on prior TKI therapy. Drugs such as Afatinib, Dacomitinib, Erlotinib, Gefitinib, and Osimertinib have already gained FDA approval for use in EGFR-mutated metastatic NSCLC patients. Here, we report the case of a 47-year-old man who is a non-smoker with an EGFR Exon 19 positive NSCLC treated with Gefitinib developed an EGFR Exon 20 insertion positive brain metastasis initiated on Afatinib as the targeted therapy and responded well to the treatment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A rare case of Exon 19 deletion transforming to Exon 20 insertion in a case of adenocarcinoma of lung

Darling

Sud

2022

IJMIO

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“…Lung cancer is the second most common malignant tumor in the world, in which non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 89% of lung cancer classification. 1,2 The insidious early onset makes timely detection difficult, resulting in a high mortality rate. Therefore, it is urgent to find biomarkers for early diagnosis of NSCLC with specificity and high sensitivity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly sensitive and simultaneous detection of ctDNAs related to non-small cell lung cancer in serum using a catalytic hairpin assembly strategy in a SERS microfluidic chip

Cao

Mao

et al. 2022

J. Mater. Chem. B

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“…According to the estimated data for lung cancer, more than 2.20 million cancer cases were newly diagnosed, and 1.79 million cancer-related deaths occurred in 2020 globally [ 1 ]. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are the main subtypes of lung cancer [ 3 , 4 ]. Although the incidence of SCLC is lower than that of NSCLC, SCLC is characterized by rapid growth, easy metastasis, and unfavorable prognosis (e.g., the 2-year survival rate is just 15% in 2014 in America) [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical significance of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2C expression in cancers: from small cell lung carcinoma to pan-cancers

Chen²,

Li³

et al. 2022

BMC Pulm Med

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Background Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2C (CDKN2C) was identified to participate in the occurrence and development of multiple cancers; however, its roles in small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) remain unclear. Methods Differential expression analysis of CDKN2C between SCLC and non-SCLC were performed based on 937 samples from multiple centers. The prognosis effects of CDKN2C in patients with SCLC were detected using both Kaplan–Meier curves and log-rank tests. Using receiver-operating characteristic curves, whether CDKN2C expression made it feasible to distinguish SCLC was determined. The potential mechanisms of CDKN2C in SCLC were investigated by gene ontology terms and signaling pathways (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes). Based on 10,080 samples, a pan-cancer analysis was also performed to determine the roles of CDKN2C in multiple cancers. Results For the first time, upregulated CDKN2C expression was detected in SCLC samples at both the mRNA and protein levels (p of Wilcoxon rank-sum test < 0.05; standardized mean difference = 2.86 [95% CI 2.20–3.52]). Transcription factor FOXA1 expression may positively regulate CDKN2C expression levels in SCLC. High CDKN2C expression levels were related to the poor prognosis of patients with SCLC (hazard ratio > 1, p < 0.05) and showed pronounced effects for distinguishing SCLC from non-SCLC (sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve ≥ 0.95). CDKN2C expression may play a role in the development of SCLC by affecting the cell cycle. Furthermore, the first pan-cancer analysis revealed the differential expression of CDKN2C in 16 cancers (breast invasive carcinoma, etc.) and its independent prognostic significance in nine cancers (e.g., adrenocortical carcinoma). CDKN2C expression was related to the immune microenvironment, suggesting its potential usefulness as a prognostic marker in immunotherapy. Conclusions This study identified upregulated CDKN2C expression and its clinical significance in SCLC and other multiple cancers, suggesting its potential usefulness as a biomarker in treating and differentiating cancers.

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Small cell lung cancer transformation during antitumor therapies: A systematic review

Cited by 11 publications

References 58 publications

A rare case of Exon 19 deletion transforming to Exon 20 insertion in a case of adenocarcinoma of lung

A rare case of Exon 19 deletion transforming to Exon 20 insertion in a case of adenocarcinoma of lung

Highly sensitive and simultaneous detection of ctDNAs related to non-small cell lung cancer in serum using a catalytic hairpin assembly strategy in a SERS microfluidic chip

Clinical significance of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2C expression in cancers: from small cell lung carcinoma to pan-cancers

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