Small fraction of marine cloud condensation nuclei made up of sea spray aerosol

Quinn, Patricia K.; Coffman, D. J.; Johnson, James E.; Upchurch, L.; Bates, T. S.

doi:10.1038/ngeo3003

Cited by 216 publications

(286 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…The non-volatile (sea salt) mode was largely > 0.3 µm in diameter, clearly distinct from the smaller mode of volatile particles centered at ∼ 0.15 µm volume mean diameter. Small amounts of non-volatile (sea salt) mass extended down to diameters < 0.1 µm, consistent with prior studies (Bates et al, 1998;Clarke et al, 1997;Mericanto et al, 2010;Middlebrook et al, 1998;Murphy et al, 1998;Quinn et al, 2017).…”

Section: Measurements Of Non-volatile Aerosol Fractionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…Several measurements and modeling studies (Clarke and Kapustin, 2002;Korhonen et al, 2008;Mericanto et al, 2010;Quinn et al, 2017;Raes, 1995) suggest that secondary particles formed in the FT play an important role in governing CCN abundance in the MBL, despite the presence of sea salt. It is possible that sea salt may dominate aerosol mass in the MBL, but that CCN concentrations may be controlled by secondary processes, even those occurring in the FT above (Clarke et al, 2013;Raes, 1995;Twomey, 1977;Quinn and Bates, 2011).…”

Section: Measurements Of Non-volatile Aerosol Fractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This measurement is used to identify particles that are formed from secondary products (e.g., sulfates, nitrates, and organics) from primary particles (e.g., soil dust and sea salt; Clarke, 1991;Huffman et al, 2008). Quantifying the volatile-to-non-volatile aerosol fraction during ATom may help improve understanding of the importance of secondary particles relative to sea salt such as CCN in the MBL, an area of active scientific inquiry (e.g., Bates et al, 2016;Quinn et al, 2017).…”

Section: Thermodenudermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modification, calibration, and performance of the Ultra-High Sensitivity Aerosol Spectrometer for particle size distribution and volatility measurements during the Atmospheric Tomography Mission (ATom) airborne campaign

et al. 2018

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Abstract. Atmospheric aerosol is a key component of the chemistry and climate of the Earth's atmosphere. Accurate measurement of the concentration of atmospheric particles as a function of their size is fundamental to investigations of particle microphysics, optical characteristics, and chemical processes. We describe the modification, calibration, and performance of two commercially available, Ultra-High Sensitivity Aerosol Spectrometers (UHSASs) as used on the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the Atmospheric Tomography Mission (ATom). To avoid sample flow issues related to pressure variations during aircraft altitude changes, we installed a laminar flow meter on each instrument to measure sample flow directly at the inlet as well as flow controllers to maintain constant volumetric sheath flows. In addition, we added a compact thermodenuder operating at 300 • C to the inlet line of one of the instruments. With these modifications, the instruments are capable of making accurate (ranging from 7 % for D p < 0.07 µm to 1 % for D p > 0.13 µm), precise (< ±1.2 %), and continuous (1 Hz) measurements of size-resolved particle number concentration over the diameter range of 0.063-1.0 µm at ambient pressures of > 1000 to 225 hPa, while simultaneously providing information on particle volatility.We assessed the effect of uncertainty in the refractive index (n) of ambient particles that are sized by the UHSAS assuming the refractive index of ammonium sulfate (n = 1.52). For calibration particles with n between 1.44 and 1.58, the UHSAS diameter varies by +4/−10 % relative to ammonium sulfate. This diameter uncertainty associated with the range of refractive indices (i.e., particle composition) translates to aerosol surface area and volume uncertainties of +8.4/−17.8 and +12.4/−27.5 %, respectively. In addition to sizing uncertainty, low counting statistics can lead to uncertainties of < 20 % for aerosol surface area and < 30 % for volume with 10 s time resolution. The UHSAS reduction in counting efficiency was corrected for concentrations > 1000 cm −3 .Examples of thermodenuded and non-thermodenuded aerosol number and volume size distributions as well as propagated uncertainties are shown for several cases encountered during the ATom project. Uncertainties in particle number concentration were limited by counting statistics, especially in the tropical upper troposphere where accumulation-mode concentrations were sometimes < 20 cm −3 (counting rates ∼ 5 Hz) at standard temperature and pressure.

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Section: Measurements Of Non-volatile Aerosol Fractionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Measurements Of Non-volatile Aerosol Fractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Thermodenudermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modification, calibration, and performance of the Ultra-High Sensitivity Aerosol Spectrometer for particle size distribution and volatility measurements during the Atmospheric Tomography Mission (ATom) airborne campaign

et al. 2018

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“…These growth factors are characteristic for non-sea-salt (nss) sulfate-dominated particles and sea spray aerosol (SSA), respectively (Sellegri et al, 2008;Villani et al, 2013). In further support of this subdivision, the SSA aerosol comprised 7 ± 2 % of the observed number concentration of 100 nm particles, which is consistent with the total proportion of SSA reported by Quinn et al (2017) at similar latitudes. There was no apparent difference in volatility at 120 • C, with a universal 12 ± 2 % reduction in particle volume; however, this increased their HGFs to 1.61 ± 0.02 and 2.01 ± 0.05, respectively ( Table 2).…”

Section: Remote Coastal Measurementssupporting

confidence: 75%

Determining the link between hygroscopicity and composition for semi-volatile aerosol species

et al. 2018

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Abstract. Internally and externally mixed aerosols present significant challenges in assessing the hygroscopicity of each aerosol component. This study presents a new sampling technique which uses differences in volatility to separate mixtures and directly examine their respective composition and hygroscopic contribution. A shared thermodenuder and unheated bypass line are continuously cycled between an aerosol mass spectrometer and a volatility and hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyser, allowing real-time comparative analysis of heated and unheated aerosol properties. Measurements have been taken of both chamber-generated secondary organic aerosol and coastal marine aerosol at Cape Grim, Australia, to investigate system performance under diverse conditions. Despite rapidly changing aerosol properties and the need to restrict analysis to a narrow size range, the former experiment separated the hygroscopic influences of ammonium sulfate and two distinct organic components with similar oxygen to carbon ratios but different volatilities. Analysis of the marine aerosol revealed an external mixture of non-sea-salt sulfates and sea spray aerosol, which likely shared similar volatile fractions composed of sulfuric acid and a non-hygroscopic organic component.

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“…Moreover, Quinn et al (2017) recently reported that DMS-derived aerosols dominate cloud condensation nuclei populations over most of the global ocean. Hence, the influence of DMS on marine stratiform cloud albedo remains in the spotlight (Brooks and Thornton, 2018), and the occurrence of a "seasonal CLAW" in remote marine atmospheres is becoming increasingly conceivable (Levasseur, 2013;Vallina and Simó, 2007a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sea-surface dimethylsulfide (DMS) concentration from satellite data at global and regional scales

Galí¹,

Levasseur²,

Devred

et al. 2018

Biogeosciences

117

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Abstract. The marine biogenic gas dimethylsulfide (DMS) modulates climate by enhancing aerosol light scattering and seeding cloud formation. However, the lack of time-and space-resolved estimates of DMS concentration and emission hampers the assessment of its climatic effects. Here we present DMS SAT , a new remote sensing algorithm that relies on macroecological relationships between DMS, its phytoplanktonic precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSPt) and plankton light exposure. In the first step, planktonic DMSPt is estimated from satellite-retrieved chlorophyll a and the light penetration regime as described in a previous study . In the second step, DMS is estimated as a function of DMSPt and photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) at the sea surface with an equation of the form: log 10 DMS = α+βlog 10 DMSPt+γ PAR. The two-step DMS SAT algorithm is computationally light and can be optimized for global and regional scales. Validation at the global scale indicates that DMS SAT has better skill than previous algorithms and reproduces the main climatological features of DMS seasonality across contrasting biomes. The main shortcomings of the global-scale optimized algorithm are related to (i) regional biases in remotely sensed chlorophyll (which cause underestimation of DMS in the Southern Ocean) and (ii) the inability to reproduce high DMS / DMSPt ratios in late summer and fall in specific regions (which suggests the need to account for additional DMS drivers). Our work also highlights the shortcomings of interpolated DMS climatologies, caused by sparse and biased in situ sampling. Time series derived from MODIS-Aqua in the subpolar North Atlantic between 2003 and 2016 show wide interannual variability in the magnitude and timing of the annual DMS peak(s), demonstrating the need to move beyond the classical climatological view. By providing synoptic time series of DMS emission, DMS SAT can leverage atmospheric chemistry and climate models and advance our understanding of plankton-aerosol-cloud interactions in the context of global change.

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Small fraction of marine cloud condensation nuclei made up of sea spray aerosol

Cited by 216 publications

References 61 publications

Modification, calibration, and performance of the Ultra-High Sensitivity Aerosol Spectrometer for particle size distribution and volatility measurements during the Atmospheric Tomography Mission (ATom) airborne campaign

Modification, calibration, and performance of the Ultra-High Sensitivity Aerosol Spectrometer for particle size distribution and volatility measurements during the Atmospheric Tomography Mission (ATom) airborne campaign

Determining the link between hygroscopicity and composition for semi-volatile aerosol species

Sea-surface dimethylsulfide (DMS) concentration from satellite data at global and regional scales

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