Small-Signal Analysis of Ultra-High-Speed Multi-Mode VCSELs

Modeling of ionizing radiation effect on static and dynamic behavior of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers

“…[7], Hz 10 ω , the input injected current is assumed to be a unit step function in time. The dynamic response of the output optical power of VCSEL at different values of F is shown in Fig.…”

“…A narrow spectral width is emitted by VCSELs, also, the obtained beam is nearly circular as compared with the other light sources. This and other make an efficient coupling between VCSEL and optical fiber [7][8][9].…”

Equivalent Circuit Model of High-Performance VCSELs

“…Small-signal advanced MM rate equations for high-speed MM VCSELs, which are based on mode competition for carrier density in the active region, were recently developed [3,4]. In order to map these rate equations to the proposed equivalent circuit model, we quickly review the different derivation steps leading to the system's intrinsic modulation response and interaction matrices.…”

“…Furthermore, analyzing and modeling these lasers enable the enhancement and optimization of their design and performance. Recently, an advanced and accurate MM small-signal model, which is based on the carrier reservoir splitting approach, was developed [3,4]. This rate equation-based model enables the extraction of reliable information from the intrinsic dynamics of high-speed MM VCSELs, as it takes into account the effect of spatial hole-burning (SHB), gain compression, and inhomogeneity in the carrier distribution between the modes.…”

High frequency operation of an integrated electro-absorption modulator onto a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser

“…Direct modulation on short wavelength VCSELs (850, 940 or 980nm) has been greatly improved through many device design strategies, but the performances are restricted by different intrinsic physical limitations including carrier-photon dynamics, parasitic electrical losses, and self-heating. Albeit, VCSELs with impressive performances have been demonstrated in the past years reaching modulation frequencies in excess of 25 GHz [2][3][4]. In particular, VCSELs with very small oxide confinement apertures (down to few micrometers in diameter) have been found to increase the modulation bandwidth to above 30 GHz [5,6], but at the expense of a very stringent fabrication and a potentially-compromised reliability [7].…”