Small wood dynamics in a headwater stream

Wallace, J. Bruce; Webster, Jackson R.; Eggert, Susan L.; Meyer, Judy L.

doi:10.1080/03680770.1998.11901458

Cited by 11 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…Differences between leaf standing crop in the treatment and reference streams remained significantly different until the reintroduction of mixed leaf species in the last year of the study. We observed a very rapid response of ecosystem processes to the loss of leaf standing crop, which demonstrated the critical role of leaf litter in regulating ecosystem function in headwater streams draining forested watersheds (e.g., Wallace et al 1997b, Meyer et al 1998, Eggert and Wallace 2003a, 2003b Although the initial standing crop of leaf litter was reduced rapidly, a large standing crop (.5 kg AFDM/m 2 ) of wood remained in the treatment stream prior to SWR and LWR (Wallace et al 2000. We conducted the wood removal in a two-step process over four years to compare differences in ecosystem response to the removal of small and large wood separately.…”

Section: Cpom and Fpom Standing Cropmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…Small wood (,10 cm diameter) was manually removed from the exclusion stream in August 1996 (see Wallace et al 2000) (Small Wood Removal; SWR) and large wood (.10 cm diameter) was manually removed from the stream in August 1998 ) (Large Wood Removal; LWR). During August 2000, we added artificial retention structures to provide the physical complexity previously provided by large and small wood, in the form of PVC pipe and plastic tubing equivalent to the numbers, lengths, diameters, and surface area of all wood pieces removed from the stream wetted area (PVC addition; PVC).…”

Section: Treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We conducted the wood removal in a two-step process over four years to compare differences in ecosystem response to the removal of small and large wood separately. Over 4.76 kg of wood per m 2 of stream was removed from the treatment stream during the SWR (.1.54 kg/m 2 ) and LWR (3.22 kg/m 2 ) periods (Wallace et al 2000). Small wood (SW) removed by hand was ;10% greater than that estimated by line Notes: Treatment periods were pretreatment (Pre-Tmt); litter exclusion years one through three (LE-1, LE-2, LE-3); small wood removal years one and two (SWR-1, SWR-2); large wood removal years one and two (LWR-1, LWR-2); PVC addition year (PVC); fast leaf addition years one and two (FLA-1, FLA-2); slow leaf addition years one and two (SLA-1, SLA-2); mixed leaf addition year (MLA-1).…”

Section: Cpom and Fpom Standing Cropmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Storage and export of organic matter in a headwater stream: responses to long‐term detrital manipulations

et al. 2012

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Abstract. Riparian habitats provide organic matter inputs that influence stream biota and ecosystem processes in forested watersheds. Over a 13-yr period, we examined the effects of litter exclusion, smalland large-wood removal, and the addition of leaf species of varying detrital quality on organic matter standing crop and export of organic and inorganic particles in a high-gradient headwater stream. Using eight pretreatment years of export data and two pretreatment years of particulate organic matter (POM) standing crop data, we report on 21 and 15 years of continuous export and POM standing crop results, respectively. Litter exclusion resulted in the elimination of leaf standing crop by the end of year three. Wood and fine benthic organic matter (FBOM) standing crops declined significantly during the exclusion and wood removal periods, but never completely disappeared. Following the introduction of artificial wood structures for retention, the addition of fast, slow, and mixed breakdown leaves in the treatment stream resulted in significantly increased mean annual leaf standing crops. After five years of leaf addition, FBOM standing crop and fine particulate organic matter (FPOM) export remained below pre-treatment levels. The reduction in leaf standing crop in the treatment stream resulted in significant increases in FPOM (23), fine inorganic particulate (33), and gravel export (103). After small wood removal we observed significant increases in export of fine inorganic particulates (23) and gravel (73) from the treatment stream. A greater proportion of coarse and FBOM standing crop was exported from the treatment stream during the litter exclusion and small wood removal periods than from the reference stream. Following the addition of slow and mixed leaves this trend was reversed, demonstrating the importance of leaf standing crop in the retention of POM. Our long-term experiment demonstrates that the quantity and type of riparian inputs to forested headwater streams will affect POM standing crop and export of POM and sediments to downstream ecosystems, and that small wood is more critical to retaining sediments and POM in small streams than previously recognized.

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Section: Cpom and Fpom Standing Cropmentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cpom and Fpom Standing Cropmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Storage and export of organic matter in a headwater stream: responses to long‐term detrital manipulations

et al. 2012

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“…Nineteen transects (lengths equal to wetted stream widths) were set up in each stream, and the diameters of all intersected fully submerged or wetted wood pieces were measured. The volume of wood per m 2 of stream bottom for three size classes (Ͻ11, 11 to 25, and 25 to 40 mm in diameter) was calculated according to the method in reference 52, and ultimately ash-free dry mass (AFDM) per m 2 was determined based on a specific gravity estimate of wood from a Coweeta stream (53). We also sampled wood quarterly for microbial analyses.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Fungal Activities on Wood and Leaf Litter in Unaltered and Nutrient-Enriched Headwater Streams

Gulis

Suberkropp

Rosemond

2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Fungi are the dominant organisms decomposing leaf litter in streams and mediating energy transfer to other trophic levels. However, less is known about their role in decomposing submerged wood. This study provides the first estimates of fungal production on wood and compares the importance of fungi in the decomposition of submerged wood versus that of leaves at the ecosystem scale. We determined fungal biomass (ergosterol) and activity associated with randomly collected small wood (<40 mm diameter) and leaves in two southern Appalachian streams (reference and nutrient enriched) over an annual cycle. Fungal production (from rates of radiolabeled acetate incorporation into ergosterol) and microbial respiration on wood (per gram of detrital C) were about an order of magnitude lower than those on leaves. Microbial activity (per gram of C) was significantly higher in the nutrient-enriched stream. Despite a standing crop of wood two to three times higher than that of leaves in both streams, fungal production on an areal basis was lower on wood than on leaves (4.3 and 15.8 g C m ؊2 year ؊1 in the reference stream; 5.5 and 33.1 g C m ؊2 year ؊1 in the enriched stream). However, since the annual input of wood was five times lower than that of leaves, the proportion of organic matter input directly assimilated by fungi was comparable for these substrates ( Terrestrial detritus in the form of leaves and wood is an important carbon and energy source for microorganisms and food webs in freshwaters. Detritus-associated microorganisms also control important processes in aquatic ecosystems, including the uptake and sequestration of dissolved inorganic nutrients (33, 37). Fungi, rather than bacteria, dominate the microbial biomass on coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM), such as leaves and wood in streams, and fungal production on submerged leaves is also greater than that of bacteria (10,14,23,28,56). A recent study suggests that fungal ribotype richness levels (as determined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) may be higher than those of bacteria and actinomycetes on submerged leaves (10). Thus, fungi are likely the most important biological driver of processes such as CPOM carbon dynamics and detritus-associated nutrient uptake in headwater streams.Both allochthonous leaf litter and submerged wood in streams harbor diverse communities of fungi, mainly ascomycetes and their anamorphs (hyphomycetes) (see, e.g., references 4, 39, and 51) though chytrids, zygomycetes, and basidiomycetes have also been detected by using molecular techniques (35). Communities can be species rich. For example, more than 200 species from wood in a single river have been reported (51), whereas the diversity of aquatic hyphomycetes that colonize mostly leaves is considerably lower (e.g., see reference 5). Aquatic fungi also show some substrate preferences (13, 22), so leaves and wood harbor different communities that may result in different biomass and activity. While several studies have quantified biomass and production of fungi associate...

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“…Small wood pieces (SW) are defined as woody particles (such as logs, branches and roots) that are ≤ 0.1 m in diameter. Wallace et al (2000Wallace et al ( , 2001 and Burrows et al (2012) documented that SW can have an important effect on channel processes in narrow headwaters with lower discharges.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biogeomorphological effects of leaf accumulations in stepped-bed channels: Exploratory study, Moravskoslezské Beskydy Mountains, Czech Republic

Přibyla

Galia

Hrádecký

2016

Moravian Geographical Reports

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Small wood dynamics in a headwater stream

Cited by 11 publications

References 12 publications

Storage and export of organic matter in a headwater stream: responses to long‐term detrital manipulations

Storage and export of organic matter in a headwater stream: responses to long‐term detrital manipulations

Comparison of Fungal Activities on Wood and Leaf Litter in Unaltered and Nutrient-Enriched Headwater Streams

Biogeomorphological effects of leaf accumulations in stepped-bed channels: Exploratory study, Moravskoslezské Beskydy Mountains, Czech Republic

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