Smallpox vaccine stability after maintenance at temperatures not recommended for shipping

Lee, Kemba N.; Hutson, Christina L.; Kline, Richard L.; Curns, Aaron T.; Dougherty, Cindy; Allen, Chris; Damon, Inger K.; Regnery, Russell L.

doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.08.079

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…This data confirms the results from Hartnack et al [21], who achieved similar results testing four different DVG-listed commercially available chemical disinfectants representing different groups of chemicals in quantitative suspension tests and qualitative carrier tests with poplar wood and gauze. The high and very similar viability of VACV and MVA had been previously confirmed in different studies [26-29]. …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Can vaccinia virus be replaced by MVA virus for testing virucidal activity of chemical disinfectants?

Rabenau

Rapp²,

Steinmann

2010

BMC Infect Dis

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BackgroundVaccinia virus strain Lister Elstree (VACV) is a test virus in the DVV/RKI guidelines as representative of the stable enveloped viruses. Since the potential risk of laboratory-acquired infections with VACV persists and since the adverse effects of vaccination with VACV are described, the replacement of VACV by the modified vaccinia Ankara strain (MVA) was studied by testing the activity of different chemical biocides in three German laboratories.MethodsThe inactivating properties of different chemical biocides (peracetic acid, aldehydes and alcohols) were tested in a quantitative suspension test according to the DVV/RKI guideline. All tests were performed with a protein load of 10% fetal calf serum with both viruses in parallel using different concentrations and contact times. Residual virus was determined by endpoint dilution method.ResultsThe chemical biocides exhibited similar virucidal activity against VACV and MVA. In three cases intra-laboratory differences were determined between VACV and MVA - 40% (v/v) ethanol and 30% (v/v) isopropanol are more active against MVA, whereas MVA seems more stable than VACV when testing with 0.05% glutardialdehyde. Test accuracy across the three participating laboratories was high. Remarkably inter-laboratory differences in the reduction factor were only observed in two cases.ConclusionsOur data provide valuable information for the replacement of VACV by MVA for testing chemical biocides and disinfectants. Because MVA does not replicate in humans this would eliminate the potential risk of inadvertent inoculation with vaccinia virus and disease in non-vaccinated laboratory workers.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Can vaccinia virus be replaced by MVA virus for testing virucidal activity of chemical disinfectants?

Rabenau

Rapp²,

Steinmann

2010

BMC Infect Dis

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“…As described above, the Hib vaccine response is known to vary between populations following the same pattern as variation in host susceptibility to Hib disease (summarized in Lee et al, 2006), suggesting that host genetic variation may contribute to variation in Hib vaccine responses. It also has long been known that functional mutations in innate immunity-related genes vary between populations, possibly as a result of genetic drift (de Craen et al, 2005; Greene et al, 2009) and/or differences in infectious pressure (Ferwerda et al, 2009; Fumagalli et al, 2009; Greene et al, 2009; Boef et al, 2012).…”

Section: Impact Of Genetics On Differences Between Populations In Thementioning

confidence: 96%

“…A vaccine consisting of PRP coupled to diphtheria toxoid (PRP-D) was initially licensed following a randomized controlled trial showing high efficacy in Finnish children (Eskola et al, 1990; Griffiths et al, 2012). However, PRP-D proved ineffective in preventing Hib carriage and disease in Alaskan Native infants (Siber et al, 1990; Ward et al, 1990; Mohle-Boetani et al, 1993; Galil et al, 1999; Lee et al, 2006; Singleton et al, 2006; Asturias et al, 2009). On the other hand, antibody responses (to a Hib-Tetanus conjugate) were found to be higher among Native South American Indian infants compared to infants in the USA, Europe, or Israel (Castillo de Febres et al, 1994; Levine et al, 1997; Hoppenbrouwers et al, 1998; Asturias et al, 2009).…”

Section: Differences Across the Globe In The Immune Response To Vaccimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The finding that infants with superior anticapsular Hib antibody responses also have higher antibody responses to tetanus toxoid (the carrier protein in Hib-T) but not to diphtheria toxoid (given as a vaccine) indicates that superior responders to Hib are not simply overall immunologically superior vaccine responders. When Lee et al (2006) examined the serum anti-PRP antibody concentration of monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs in the Gambia, genetic based heritability in antibody responses to Hib conjugate vaccine was estimated to be 51%, indicating a significant genetic contribution to variation in the response. Furthermore, siblings of patients with H. influenzae meningitis have impaired responses to Hib vaccine (Granoff et al, 1983), lending further support to a host genetic component responsible for differential responses to Hib vaccination.…”

Section: Differences Across the Globe In The Immune Response To Vaccimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Variation between Populations in the Innate Immune Response to Vaccine Adjuvants

Kollmann¹

2013

Front. Immunol.

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The success of the World Health Organization recommended “Expanded Program of Immunization” (EPI) and similar regional or national programs has been astounding. However, infectious threats currently not covered by these programs continue to infect millions of infants around the world. Furthermore, many infants do not receive existing vaccines either on time or for the required number of doses to provide optimal protection. Nor do all infants around the world develop the same protective immune response to the same vaccine. As a result approximately three million infants die every year from vaccine preventable infections. To tackle these issues, new vaccines need to be developed as well as existing ones made easier to administer. This requires identification of age-optimized vaccine schedules and formulations. In order to be most effective this approach will need to take population-based differences in response to vaccines and adjuvants into account. This review summarizes what is currently known about differences between populations around the world in the innate immune response to existing as well as new and promising vaccine adjuvants.

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“…In contrast, up to 90% of VACV was degraded at room temperature (21–24°C) after storage for 1 year. Repeated freeze‐thawing (Kline et al., 2005) and temperatures not recommended for shipping of Dryvax and Aventis Pasteur smallpox vaccine (Lee et al., 2006) have been evaluated recently.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long‐Lasting Stability of Vaccinia Virus (Orthopoxvirus) in Food and Environmental Samples

Eßbauer

Meyer

Porsch-Özçürümez

et al. 2007

Zoonoses and Public Health

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Poxviruses are known to remain infectious in the scabs of patients for months to years. The aim of this study was to investigate viral stability in storm water, food or gauze spiked with vaccinia virus strain Munich 1 (VACV M1). Storm water, storm water supplemented with either fetal calf serum (FCS) or potting soil was stored at two different temperatures (refrigerator, room temperature; 4 degrees C/25 degrees C). In addition, we analysed the viability of VACV M1 on the surface of bread, salad, sausages and gauze bandages stored at 4 degrees C. Samples were titrated in MA 104 cells and the presence of viral DNA was demonstrated by orthopoxvirus-specific PCRs. After 2 weeks, reisolation of VACV M1 from all kinds of food, bandage and water samples except for storm water supplemented with potting soil was possible. Viral DNA was detected in almost all samples by PCR. Prolonged experiments with VACV M1-spiked storm water and storm water supplemented with FCS revealed that samples kept at 4.5 degrees C are infectious for up to 166 days. Our data demonstrate that VACV M1 has a longlasting stability in water and food. The results obtained during this study should be taken into account for risk assessment calculations for poxvirus transmission. Implying that variola virus and vaccinia virus behave in a similar way, our data call for sophisticated countermeasures in cases of a variola release in biological warfare.

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Smallpox vaccine stability after maintenance at temperatures not recommended for shipping

Cited by 6 publications

References 5 publications

Can vaccinia virus be replaced by MVA virus for testing virucidal activity of chemical disinfectants?

Can vaccinia virus be replaced by MVA virus for testing virucidal activity of chemical disinfectants?

Variation between Populations in the Innate Immune Response to Vaccine Adjuvants

Long‐Lasting Stability of Vaccinia Virus (Orthopoxvirus) in Food and Environmental Samples

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