Smart Nanotheranostics Responsive to Pathological Stimuli

Parodi, Alessandro; Rudzińska, Magdalena; Leporatti, Stefano; Anissimov, Yuri German; Zamyatnin, Andrey A.

doi:10.3389/fbioe.2020.00503

Cited by 28 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…This is ascribed to the difficulties in the engineering of biocompatible nano-theranostics with high specificity for malignancies. Nano-theranostics, arguably the most elegant and technologically advanced systems in the field of nanomedicine, can provide real-time information about drug distribution, release, and targeting, which is the embodiment of personalized medicine [71], and more research in this field is necessary. As TAT in nuclear medicine is often hampered by adapting to dosimetry issues [72], combinations with diagnostic modalities can be invaluable.…”

Section: The Way Forward?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Though yet undeveloped, an exciting emerging advance is the deployment of TAT to address tumor heterogenicity with so-called "smart" or "responsive" theranostics. In this instance, TAT is triggered to release payload in response to: (i) the lower pH occurring in the tumor environment, (ii) cellular conditioning upon reactive oxygen species' activity, (iii) trigger enzyme activity, or (iv) tumor-specific stimuli [71].…”

Section: The Way Forward?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Obstacles and Recommendations for Clinical Translation of Nanoparticle System-Based Targeted Alpha-Particle Therapy

2021

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The rationale for application of nanotechnology in targeted alpha therapy (TAT) is sound. However, the translational strategy requires attention. Formulation of TAT in nanoparticulate drug delivery systems has the potential to resolve many of the issues currently experienced. As α-particle emitters are more cytotoxic compared to beta-minus-emitting agents, the results of poor biodistribution are more dangerous. Formulation in nanotechnology is also suggested to be the ideal solution for containing the recoil daughters emitted by actinium-225, radium-223, and thorium-227. Nanoparticle-based TAT is likely to increase stability, enhance radiation dosimetry profiles, and increase therapeutic efficacy. Unfortunately, nanoparticles have their own unique barriers towards clinical translation. A major obstacle is accumulation in critical organs such as the spleen, liver, and lungs. Furthermore, inflammation, necrosis, reactive oxidative species, and apoptosis are key mechanisms through which nanoparticle-mediated toxicity takes place. It is important at this stage of the technology’s readiness level that focus is shifted to clinical translation. The relative scarcity of α-particle emitters also contributes to slow-moving research in the field of TAT nanotechnology. This review describes approaches and solutions which may overcome obstacles impeding nanoparticle-based TAT and enhance clinical translation. In addition, an in-depth discussion of relevant issues and a view on technical and regulatory barriers are presented.

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Section: The Way Forward?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Way Forward?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Obstacles and Recommendations for Clinical Translation of Nanoparticle System-Based Targeted Alpha-Particle Therapy

2021

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“…There have been several promising reports of smart theranostic agents for cancer using PET 47 , FL 48 , 49 , and US 50 as the chosen imaging modality 51 . However, this review will focus on MRI-based responsive theranostics that are specific for cancer, as MRI is one of the preferred clinical imaging techniques in the diagnosis of this pathology 52 - 55 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smart magnetic resonance imaging-based theranostics for cancer

et al. 2021

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Smart theranostics are dynamic platforms that integrate multiple functions, including at least imaging, therapy, and responsiveness, in a single agent. This review showcases a variety of responsive theranostic agents developed specifically for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), due to the privileged position this non-invasive, non-ionising imaging modality continues to hold within the clinical imaging field. Different MRI smart theranostic designs have been devised in the search for more efficient cancer therapy, and improved diagnostic efficiency, through the increase of the local concentration of therapeutic effectors and MRI signal intensity in pathological tissues. This review explores novel small-molecule and nanosized MRI theranostic agents for cancer that exhibit responsiveness to endogenous (change in pH, redox environment, or enzymes) or exogenous (temperature, ultrasound, or light) stimuli. The challenges and obstacles in the design and in vivo application of responsive theranostics are also discussed to guide future research in this interdisciplinary field towards more controllable, efficient, and diagnostically relevant smart theranostics agents.

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“…The concept of ‘nanotheranostics’ is an advanced version of theranostic modalities with nanomaterials of differential class and physicochemical properties for disease diagnosis and optimized therapies [ 20 ]. The nanotheranostics represent the most advanced technological intervention with multifaceted functional attributes such as multimodal imaging, drug targeting and improved synergistic therapeutics [ 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanomaterials as Novel Cardiovascular Theranostics

et al. 2021

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Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of conditions associated with heart and blood vessels and are considered the leading cause of death globally. Coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction represents the CVDs. Since CVDs are associated with a series of pathophysiological conditions with an alarming mortality and morbidity rate, early diagnosis and appropriate therapeutic approaches are critical for saving patients’ lives. Conventionally, diagnostic tools are employed to detect disease conditions, whereas therapeutic drug candidates are administered to mitigate diseases. However, the advent of nanotechnological platforms has revolutionized the current understanding of pathophysiology and therapeutic measures. The concept of combinatorial therapy using both diagnosis and therapeutics through a single platform is known as theranostics. Nano-based theranostics are widely used in cancer detection and treatment, as evident from pre-clinical and clinical studies. Nanotheranostics have gained considerable attention for the efficient management of CVDs. The differential physicochemical properties of engineered nanoparticles have been exploited for early diagnosis and therapy of atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction and aneurysms. Herein, we provided the information on the evolution of nano-based theranostics to detect and treat CVDs such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and angiogenesis. The review also aims to provide novel avenues on how nanotherapeutics’ trending concept could transform our conventional diagnostic and therapeutic tools in the near future.

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Smart Nanotheranostics Responsive to Pathological Stimuli

Cited by 28 publications

References 79 publications

Obstacles and Recommendations for Clinical Translation of Nanoparticle System-Based Targeted Alpha-Particle Therapy

Obstacles and Recommendations for Clinical Translation of Nanoparticle System-Based Targeted Alpha-Particle Therapy

Smart magnetic resonance imaging-based theranostics for cancer

Nanomaterials as Novel Cardiovascular Theranostics

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