“…W ITH the developments of materials science, engineering technology, data acquisition, and computer technology, 'intelligent' materials, such as electrorheological fluid, piezoelectric ceramic, shape memory alloys (SMAs), etc, have opened the door for many useful applications, e.g., civil engineering, automotive industry, aerospace technology, and medical science (Crawley, 1994;Matsuzaki, 1997;Srinivasan and Mcfarland, 2001). Implementation of smart structures has become feasible, and much effort has been made in these fields.…”