SMASH – semi-automatic muscle analysis using segmentation of histology: a MATLAB application

Smith, Lucas; Barton, Elisabeth R.

doi:10.1186/2044-5040-4-21

Cited by 191 publications

(181 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(51 reference statements)

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“…Three images were taken from both the superficial and deep regions of each muscle. Images were subsequently analyzed for fiber size (minimum Feret diameter) and fiber type distribution using the SMASH application 21 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Males have Inferior Achilles Tendon Material Properties Compared to Females in a Rodent Model

et al. 2016

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The Achilles tendon is the most commonly ruptured tendon in the human body. Numerous studies have reported incidence of these injuries to be upwards of five times as common in men than women. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the sex- and hormone-specific differences between Achilles tendon and muscle between female, ovariectomized female (ovarian hormone deficient), and male rats. Uninjured tissues were collected from all groups for mechanical, structural, and histological analysis. Our results showed that while cross-sectional area and failure load were increased in male tendons, female tendons exhibited superior tendon material properties and decreased muscle fiber size. Specifically, linear and dynamic moduli were increased while viscoelastic properties (e.g., hysteresis, percent relaxation) were decreased in female tendons, suggesting greater resistance to deformation under load and more efficient energy transfer, respectively. No differences were identified in tendon organization, cell shape, cellularity, or proteoglycan content. Additionally, no differences in muscle fiber type distribution were observed between groups. In conclusion, inferior tendon mechanical properties and increased muscle fiber size may explain the increased susceptibility for Achilles tendon injury observed clinically in men compared to women.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Males have Inferior Achilles Tendon Material Properties Compared to Females in a Rodent Model

et al. 2016

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“…A-21428; Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA), to measure the cross-sectional area of individual fibers. Stained sections were visualized on a Leica DMR microscope (Leica Microsystems, Bannockburn, IL, USA), and digital images were analyzed using semi-automatic muscle analysis (24).…”

Section: Morphologic Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Masticatory muscles of mouse do not undergo atrophy in space

et al. 2015

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Muscle loading is important for maintaining muscle mass; when load is removed, atrophy is inevitable. However, in clinical situations such as critical care myopathy, masticatory muscles do not lose mass. Thus, their properties may be harnessed to preserve mass. We compared masticatory and appendicular muscles responses to microgravity, using mice aboard the space shuttle Space Transportation System-135. Age-and sex-matched controls remained on the ground. After 13 days of space flight, 1 masseter (MA) and tibialis anterior (TA) were frozen rapidly for biochemical and functional measurements, and the contralateral MA was processed for morphologic measurements. Flight TA muscles exhibited 20 6 3% decreased muscle mass, 2-fold decreased phosphorylated (P)-Akt, and 4-to 12-fold increased atrogene expression. In contrast, MAs had no significant change in mass but a 3-fold increase in P-focal adhesion kinase, 1.5-fold increase in P-Akt, and 50-90% lower atrogene expression compared with limb muscles, which were unaltered in microgravity. Myofibril force measurements revealed that microgravity caused a 3-fold decrease in specific force and maximal shortening velocity in TA muscles. It is surprising that myofibril-specific force from both control and flight MAs were similar to flight TA muscles, yet power was compromised by 40% following flight. Continued loading in microgravity prevents atrophy, but masticatory muscles have a different set point that mimics disuse atrophy in the appendicular

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“…The tendon midsubstance was evaluated for cell density, nuclear shape, and GAG staining through grading by three independent and blinded investigators. Deep and superficial muscle regions were analyzed for fiber size (min Feret diameter) and fiber type distribution using the SMASH application (Smith and Barton, 2014). Two-way ANOVAs were used to evaluate the effects of time and group on functional properties, followed by post hoc t-tests with Bonferroni corrections.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical, histological, and functional properties remain inferior in conservatively treated Achilles tendons in rodents: Long term evaluation

Freedman¹,

Fryhofer²,

Salka³

et al. 2017

Journal of Biomechanics

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Conservative treatment (non-operative) of Achilles tendon ruptures is suggested to produce equivalent capacity for return to function; however, long term results and the role of return to activity (RTA) for this treatment paradigm remain unclear. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the long term response of conservatively treated Achilles tendons in rodents with varied RTA. Sprague Dawley rats (n=32) received unilateral blunt transection of the Achilles tendon followed by randomization into groups that returned to activity after 1-week (RTA1) or 3-weeks (RTA3) of limb casting in plantarflexion, before being sacrificed at 16-weeks post-injury. Uninjured age-matched control animals were used as a control group (N=10). Limb function, passive joint mechanics, tendon properties (mechanical, histological), and muscle properties (histological, immunohistochemical) were evaluated. Results showed that although hindlimb ground reaction forces and range of motion returned to baseline levels by 16-weeks regardless of RTA, ankle stiffness remained altered. RTA1 and RTA3 groups both exhibited no differences in fatigue properties; however, the secant modulus, hysteresis, and laxity were inferior compared to uninjured age-matched control tendons. Despite these changes, tendons 16-weeks post-injury achieved secant stiffness levels of uninjured tendons. RTA1 and RTA3 groups had no differences in histological properties, but had higher cell numbers compared to control tendons. No changes in gastrocnemius fiber size or type in the superficial or deep regions were detected, except for type 2× fiber fraction. Together, this work highlights RTA-dependent deficits in limb function and tissue-level properties in long-term Achilles tendon and muscle healing.

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SMASH – semi-automatic muscle analysis using segmentation of histology: a MATLAB application

Cited by 191 publications

References 37 publications

Males have Inferior Achilles Tendon Material Properties Compared to Females in a Rodent Model

Males have Inferior Achilles Tendon Material Properties Compared to Females in a Rodent Model

Masticatory muscles of mouse do not undergo atrophy in space

Mechanical, histological, and functional properties remain inferior in conservatively treated Achilles tendons in rodents: Long term evaluation

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