Smokers of Low-Yield Cigarettes Do Not Consume Less Nicotine

Nl, Benowitz; Sm, Hall; Ri, H. dal; Jacob, Peyton; Rt, Jones; Al, Osman

doi:10.1056/nejm198307213090303

Cited by 416 publications

(193 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Leaves are usually combined so that, on average, cigarettes (in any of 15 different cigarette brands) contain approximately 1.5% nicotine by weight. 8 Burning tobacco releases the nicotine, which is carried proximally on tar droplets and in the vapor when inhaled. Other alkaloids constitute 8% to 12% of the total alkaloid content of tobacco products.…”

Section: Historical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nicotine and Tobacco as Substances of Abuse in Children and Adolescents

Siqueira¹,

Ryan²,

Gonzalez³

et al. 2017

Pediatrics

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Nicotine is the primary pharmacologic component of tobacco, and users of tobacco products seek out its effects. The highly addictive nature of nicotine is responsible for its widespread use and difficulty with quitting. This technical report focuses on nicotine and discusses the stages of use in progression to dependence on nicotine-containing products; the physiologic characteristics, neurobiology, metabolism, pharmacogenetics, and health effects of nicotine; and acute nicotine toxicity. Finally, some newer approaches to cessation are noted.

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Section: Historical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nicotine and Tobacco as Substances of Abuse in Children and Adolescents

Siqueira¹,

Ryan²,

Gonzalez³

et al. 2017

Pediatrics

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“…when normal daily smoking behavior produces a relatively stable plateau of nicotine in blood (Benowitz et al, 1983). Smokers were allowed to smoke ad libitum up to 45-60 min before the first test.…”

Section: Experimental Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Prefrontal Cortical Function in Nondeprived Smokers Performing the Stroop Task

Mendrek

Cohen

et al. 2006

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Some reports indicate that cigarette smoking can help smokers focus attention, even when they have not abstained from smoking for a substantial period of time (eg, 41 h). Understanding the mechanisms by which smoking affects attention may help in designing smoking cessation treatments. Thirteen nonsmokers and nine smokers participated in two tests of blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). During fMRI, the participants performed the Stroop Task. There was a 15-min break between the two tests. During the break, each smoker smoked one cigarette. For smokers, the first test began 45-60 min after the last cigarette of ad libitum smoking. The differences in BOLD signal changes between Stroop conditions (ie, incongruent minus congruent) showed a group Â test interaction in the right precentral sulcus, including the putative human frontal eye field (FEF). Smokers, but not nonsmokers, showed greater changes (relative to rest) in BOLD signal in the incongruent than in the congruent condition in the first fMRI test but not in the second. Even after brief abstinence from smoking, therefore, smokers exhibit compromised functional efficiency in the right FEF and adjacent precentral sulcus in a test of selective attention; and smoking ameliorates this condition.

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“…However, number of cigarettes smoked does not capture smoking topography, such as depth of inhalation and the number of puffs per cigarette, and smokers vary these parameters to titrate nicotine dose (10)(11)(12). For example, saliva levels of nicotine's primary metabolite, cotinine, can vary by more than an order of magnitude among smokers who report smoking the same number of cigarettes per day (13).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond Cigarettes Per Day. A Genome-Wide Association Study of the Biomarker Carbon Monoxide

Bloom¹,

Hartz²,

Baker

et al. 2014

Annals ATS

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Rationale: The CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 locus is associated with self-reported smoking behavior and also harbors the strongest genetic associations with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer. Because the associations with lung disease remain after adjustment for self-reported smoking behaviors, it has been asserted that CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 variants increase COPD and lung cancer susceptibility independently of their effects on smoking.Objectives: To compare the genetic associations of exhaled carbon monoxide (CO), a biomarker of current cigarette exposure, with self-reported smoking behaviors.Methods: A total of 1,521 European American and 247 African American current smokers recruited into smoking cessation studies were assessed for CO at intake before smoking cessation. DNA samples were genotyped using the Illumina Omni2.5 microarray. Genetic associations with CO and smoking behaviors (cigarettes smoked per day, Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence) were studied. Measurements and Main Results:Variants in the CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 locus, including rs16969968, a nonsynonymous variant in CHRNA5, are genomewide association study-significantly associated with CO (b = 2.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.74-3.58; P = 1.65 3 10 28 ), and this association remains strong after adjusting for smoking behavior (b = 2.18; 95% CI, 1.32-3.04; P = 7.47 3 10 27 ). The correlation between CO and cigarettes per day is statistically significantly lower (z = 3.43; P = 6.07 3 10 24 ) in African Americans (r = 0.14; 95% CI, 0.02-0.26; P = 0.003) than in European-Americans (r = 0.36; 95% CI, 0.31-0.40; P = 0.0001).Conclusions: Exhaled CO, a biomarker that is simple to measure, captures aspects of cigarette smoke exposure in current smokers beyond the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Behavioral measures of smoking are therefore insufficient indices of cigarette smoke exposure, suggesting that genetic associations with COPD or lung cancer that persist after adjusting for self-reported smoking behavior may still reflect genetic effects on smoking exposure.

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Smokers of Low-Yield Cigarettes Do Not Consume Less Nicotine

Cited by 416 publications

References 9 publications

Nicotine and Tobacco as Substances of Abuse in Children and Adolescents

Nicotine and Tobacco as Substances of Abuse in Children and Adolescents

Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Prefrontal Cortical Function in Nondeprived Smokers Performing the Stroop Task

Beyond Cigarettes Per Day. A Genome-Wide Association Study of the Biomarker Carbon Monoxide

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