Smoking and prostate cancer: Findings from an Australian case-control study

Giles, Graham G.; Severi, Gianluca; McCredie, Margaret; English, Dallas R.; Johnson, Warren; Hopper, John L.; Boyle, Peter

doi:10.1023/a:1011131105617

Cited by 77 publications

(129 citation statements)

References 15 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

116

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The model, with alopecia as outcome, was fitted adjusting for age and including an indicator variable to adjust for the case/control status, because we previously found in this study an association between alopecia and prostate cancer. 3 Finally, an interaction term was added to test whether the effect of genotype in cases differed from the effect in controls. Two separate models were fitted for the 2 variants.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…19,20 The study focus was the prevention of prostate cancers likely to contribute to premature mortality and, consequently, recruitment was restricted to men with tumors diagnosed at an early age and of more aggressive histopathology. To this end, tumors that were well-differentiated and those with Gleason scores less than 5 were excluded.…”

Section: Study Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A total of 1,047 cases and 1,058 controls participated in the study (65% and 50%, respectively, of those eligible). 3 A face-to-face interview was conducted using structured questionnaires to obtain information on potential risk factors including age, history of prostate cancer in first-degree relatives, country of birth, life-style (including diet) and other potential risk factors for prostate cancer. The interviewer also scored the subject's androgenetic alopecia according to an adapted Hamilton-Norwood (H-N) scale, 21 as no balding (H-N stages I and II), frontal balding (H-N stages II, III, IIIa and IVa), vertex balding (H-N stage III vertex-V) and frontal baldness concurrent with vertex baldness (H-N stage IV, V, Va, VI and VII).…”

Section: Study Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

5α‐Reductase type 2 gene variant associations with prostate cancer risk, circulating hormone levels and androgenetic alopecia

Hayes

Severi

Padilla

et al. 2006

Intl Journal of Cancer

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Controversy exists over the significance of associations between the SRD5A2 (5a-reductase type 2) polymorphisms, A49T and V89L, and risk of prostate cancer. These potentially functional polymorphisms may alter life-long exposure to androgens with subsequent effects on male health and aging. The aim of this study was to examine the association of these variants with prostate cancer risk, plasma hormone levels and androgenetic alopecia. Subjects include 827 cases and 736 controls from an Australian population-based case-control study of prostate cancer. Information on prostate cancer risk factors and patterns of balding were collected. Plasma levels of testosterone, 3a-diol glucuronide (3a-diolG), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, androstenedione, sex hormone-binding globulin and estradiol were measured for controls. No associations with the V89L polymorphism were found. Carriers of the rarer A49T A allele were at a 60% higher risk of prostate cancer (OR 5 1.60; 95% CI 1.09-2.36; p 5 0.02) and 50% lower risk of vertex and frontal balding (p 5 0.03) compared with men homozygous for the more common G allele. Although we found little evidence of association between this variant and plasma levels of 5 measured androgens, circulating 3a-diolG levels were 34% lower in A49T A allele carriers (p < 0.0001). Our study provides evidence that the SRD5A2 A49T A variant is associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer, lower levels of circulating 3a-diolG and decreased risk of baldness. These findings raise important questions with respect to previous assumptions concerning hormonal influences on prostate cancer risk in ageing males. ' 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: SRD5A2; polymorphisms; prostate cancer risk; population-based case-control study; plasma androgens; androgenetic alopecia Membrane-bound 5a-reductase type 2 (SRD5A2) is responsible for the irreversible conversion of testosterone into its more active metabolite, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and is essential for the normal growth and development of the prostate gland.1 This hormone-regulator has been implicated in male pathophysiology, including prostate cancer and balding (androgenetic alopecia). The ratio of DHT to testosterone has been reported to be highest for African-Americans, intermediate for Europeans and lowest for Asian-Americans, which corresponds to reported ethnic-based risk of prostate cancer for these groups, suggesting an association with prostate cancer risk.2 Prostate cancer risk has been associated with vertex pattern balding.3 Increased levels of DHT have been demonstrated in the male balding scalp, 4 while lack of balding is seen in pseudohermaphrodites (men with congenital 5a reductase deficiency) with a concomitant reduced ability to convert testosterone to DHT.5 DHT in turn is metabolized to 5a-androstane-3a-17b-diol glucuronide (3a-diolG), a predictor of both cutaneous and intraprostatic serum 5a-reductase levels. 6 These observations support the ''androgen hypothesis'' that increases in active androgens (and their metabolites) are associ...

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

5α‐Reductase type 2 gene variant associations with prostate cancer risk, circulating hormone levels and androgenetic alopecia

Hayes

Severi

Padilla

et al. 2006

Intl Journal of Cancer

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Several previous studies have investigated whether androgenetic alopecia is associated with prostate cancer, with largely conflicting results. A number of studies have found no association between androgenetic alopecia and prostate cancer (9)(10)(11)15) or suggestive evidence of an increased risk of prostate cancer (12), others have found androgenetic alopecia to be associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer (13,14,18), whereas 2 recent studies have found androgenetic alopecia to be associated with a decreased risk of prostate cancer (16,17). While differences in sample size, study design, and exposure assessment might plausibly explain much of the inconsistency between studies, the direction of estimated associations has differed even among those studies that assessed androgenetic alopecia at specific reference ages using an adapted Hamilton-Norwood scale (16)(17)(18).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have investigated whether there exists any association between androgenetic alopecia and risk of prostate cancer (9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18). While some studies suggest that androgenetic alopecia, especially when it occurs in younger men, might be a marker of increased risk of prostate cancer later in life (12,13,18), others have found that androgenetic alopecia is in fact associated with lower risk of prostate cancer (16,17).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-Dependent Associations between Androgenetic Alopecia and Prostate Cancer Risk

Muller

Giles

Sinclair

et al. 2013

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Both prostate cancer and androgenetic alopecia are strongly age-related conditions that are considered to be androgen dependent, but studies of the relationship between them have yielded inconsistent results. We aimed to assess whether androgenetic alopecia at ages 20 and 40 years are associated with risk of prostate cancer.Methods: At a follow-up of the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study, men were asked to assess their hair pattern at ages 20 and 40 years relative to eight categories in showcards. Cases were men notified to the Victorian Cancer Registry with prostate cancer diagnosed between cohort enrollment (1990)(1991)(1992)(1993)(1994) and followup attendance (2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009). Flexible parametric survival models were used to estimate age-varying HRs and predicted cumulative probabilities of prostate cancer by androgenetic alopecia categories.Results: Of 9,448 men that attended follow-up and provided data on androgenetic alopecia, we identified 476 prostate cancer cases during a median follow-up of 11 years four months. Cumulative probability of prostate cancer was greater at all ages up to 76 years, for men with vertex versus no androgenetic alopecia at age of 40 years. At age of 76 years, the estimated probabilities converged to 0.15. Vertex androgenetic alopecia at 40 years was also associated with younger age of diagnosis for prostate cancer cases.Conclusions: Vertex androgenetic alopecia at age of 40 years might be a marker of increased risk of earlyonset prostate cancer.Impact: If confirmed, these results suggest that the apparently conflicting findings of previous studies might be explained by failure to adequately model the age-varying nature of the association between androgenetic alopecia and prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 22(2); 209-15. Ó2012 AACR.

show abstract

A three‐protein biomarker panel assessed in diagnostic tissue predicts death from prostate cancer for men with localized disease

et al. 2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Only a minority of prostate cancers lead to death. Because no tissue biomarkers of aggressiveness other than Gleason score are available at diagnosis, many nonlethal cancers are treated aggressively. We evaluated whether a panel of biomarkers, associated with a range of disease outcomes in previous studies, could predict death from prostate cancer for men with localized disease. Using a case-only design, subjects were identified from three Australian epidemiological studies. Men who had died of their disease, “cases” (N = 83), were matched to “referents” (N = 232), those who had not died of prostate cancer, using incidence density sampling. Diagnostic tissue was retrieved to assess expression of AZGP1, MUC1, NKX3.1, p53, and PTEN by semiquantitative immunohistochemistry (IHC). Poisson regression was used to estimate mortality rate ratios (MRRs) adjusted for age, Gleason score, and stage and to estimate survival probabilities. Expression of MUC1 and p53 was associated with increased mortality (MRR 2.51, 95% CI 1.14–5.54, P = 0.02 and 3.08, 95% CI 1.41–6.95, P = 0.005, respectively), whereas AZGP1 expression was associated with decreased mortality (MRR 0.44, 95% CI 0.20–0.96, P = 0.04). Analyzing all markers under a combined model indicated that the three markers were independent predictors of prostate cancer death and survival. For men with localized disease at diagnosis, assessment of AZGP1, MUC1, and p53 expression in diagnostic tissue by IHC could potentially improve estimates of risk of dying from prostate cancer based only on Gleason score and clinical stage.

show abstract

Smoking and prostate cancer: Findings from an Australian case-control study

Cited by 77 publications

References 15 publications

5α‐Reductase type 2 gene variant associations with prostate cancer risk, circulating hormone levels and androgenetic alopecia

5α‐Reductase type 2 gene variant associations with prostate cancer risk, circulating hormone levels and androgenetic alopecia

Age-Dependent Associations between Androgenetic Alopecia and Prostate Cancer Risk

A three‐protein biomarker panel assessed in diagnostic tissue predicts death from prostate cancer for men with localized disease

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About