Smoking and smoking cessation—The relationship between cardiovascular disease and lipoprotein metabolism: A review

Campbell, Sara C.; Moffatt, Robert J.; Stamford, Bryant

doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.04.046

Cited by 275 publications

(182 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…Though the association between self‐reported smoking and CVD risk was significantly modified by total cholesterol, the associations remained generally consistent across several clinically relevant subgroups such as age and sex for both exposures. The stronger association between smoking status and CVD risk in participants with high cholesterol levels (≥5.41 mmol/L) may be consistent with established evidence that shows that smoking is associated with a more atherogenic lipid profile (higher total cholesterol and triglyceride with lower high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels) and increases the risk of CHD in people with high cholesterol levels and other risk factors that increase the risk of CVD 41, 42. Though there was no significant evidence of effect modification by sex on the associations, the associations were more extreme for men compared with women, which may reflect evidence that the attributable risk of CHD as a result of smoking is generally lower in women than in men 43.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Self‐Reported Smoking, Urine Cotinine, and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: Findings From the PREVEND (Prevention of Renal and Vascular End‐Stage Disease) Prospective Cohort Study

Kunutsor

Spee

Kieneker

et al. 2018

JAHA

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BackgroundWe aimed to compare the associations of smoking exposure as assessed by self‐reports and urine cotinine with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and determine the potential utility of cotinine for CVD risk prediction.Methods and ResultsSmoking status by self‐reports and urine cotinine were assessed at baseline in 4737 participants (mean age, 53 years) of the PREVEND (Prevention of Renal and Vascular End‐Stage Disease) prospective study. Participants were classified as never, former, light current (≤10 cigarettes/day), and heavy current smokers (>10 cigarettes/day) according to self‐reports and analogous cutoffs for urine cotinine. During a median follow‐up of 8.5 years, 296 first CVD events were recorded. Compared with self‐reported never smokers, the hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) of CVD for former, light current, and heavy current smokers were 0.86 (0.64–1.17), 1.28 (0.83–1.97), and 1.80 (1.27–2.57) in multivariate analysis. Compared with urine cotinine–assessed never smokers, the corresponding hazard ratios of CVD for urine cotinine–assessed former, light current, and heavy current smokers were 1.70 (1.03–2.81), 1.62 (1.15–2.28), and 1.95 (1.39–2.73) respectively. The C‐index change on adding urine cotinine–assessed smoking status to a standard CVD risk prediction model (without self‐reported smoking status) was 0.0098 (0.0031–0.0164; P=0.004). The corresponding C‐index change for self‐reported smoking status was 0.0111 (0.0042–0.0179; P=0.002).ConclusionsSmoking status as assessed by self‐reports and urine cotinine is associated with CVD risk; however, the nature of the association of urine cotinine with CVD is consistent with a dose‐response relationship. The ability of urine cotinine to improve CVD risk assessment is similar to that of self‐reported smoking status.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Self‐Reported Smoking, Urine Cotinine, and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: Findings From the PREVEND (Prevention of Renal and Vascular End‐Stage Disease) Prospective Cohort Study

Kunutsor

Spee

Kieneker

et al. 2018

JAHA

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“…Studies have reported that nicotine alone has caused no change, a decrease, or an increase in nitric oxide levels and that levels commonly found in a smoker have only a minor effect on initiating or proliferating lesion formation. 60 Moreover, in our trial, exposure to NRT was for 3 months, a relatively short time in comparison to years of tobacco exposure.…”

Section: Smoking Cessation/exercise Improve Cvd Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 84%

Smoking Cessation Program with Exercise Improves Cardiovascular Disease Biomarkers in Sedentary Women

Korhonen

Goodwin

Miesmaa

et al. 2011

Journal of Women's Health

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Background: Several cardiovascular disease (CVD) biomarkers sensitive to tobacco exposure have been identified, but how tobacco use cessation impacts them is less clear. We sought to investigate the effects of a smoking cessation program with an exercise intervention on CVD biomarkers in sedentary women. Methods: This is a cohort study on a subsample of a 2 · 2 factorial randomized controlled trial (RCT) (exercise setting: home vs. facility; level of exercise counseling: prescription only vs. prescription and adherence counseling) conducted January 2004 through December 2007. The analyses were completed in October 2010. In the greater Boston area, 130 sedentary female smokers aged 19-55 completed a 15-week program. All participants received nicotine replacement therapy (transdermal patch) and brief behavioral counseling for 12 weeks. They all received an exercise prescription on a moderate intensity level. All exercise interventions lasted for 15 weeks, from 3 weeks precessation until 12 weeks postcessation. Main outcome measures were selected CVD biomarkers hypothesized to be affected by smoking cessation or exercise measured at baseline and 12 weeks postcessation. Results: Independent of tobacco abstinence, improvement was seen in inflammation (white blood cells [WBC]), prothrombotic factor (red blood cells [RBC]), and cardiovascular fitness level (maximum oxygen consumption [Vo 2 max]). This suggests that even if complete abstinence is not achieved, reduction in tobacco exposure and increase in exercise can improve the cardiovascular risk profile. A significant decrease was seen for total cholesterol and the total cholesterol high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C): ratio only among the abstainers. The heart rate was reduced among all participants, but this decrease was more profound among abstainers. A significant weight gain and body mass index (BMI) increase were observed among abstainers and those who relapsed. We also found an increase in hemoglobin A1c (Hb A1c), although significant only when the groups were combined. Conclusions: A smoking cessation intervention including exercise reduced tobacco-induced cardiovascular damage selectively within 3 months.

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“…The prevalence rate in men initially increased and subsequently decreased, which may be closely associated with men's social roles. Young men encounter unhealthy habits including smoking (Chelland Campbell et al, 2008), drinking, and overeating as a result of social interaction, increasing the risk of dyslipidemia. However, with increasing age and reduced social interaction, awareness protecting one's health increases, leading to the reduction of dyslipidemia risk.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological analysis of dyslipidemia in adults of three ethnicities in Xinjiang, China

Guo

et al. 2014

Genet. Mol. Res.

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ABSTRACT. This study investigated the prevalence and distribution of dyslipidemia in adults of Uygur, Kazak, and Han ethnicity in Xinjiang, China. A questionnaire including general data, physical examination (blood pressure, body height, and body weight) and blood lipid [total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)] was administered to 11,506 adults in Xinjiang, China from 2009 to 2010 using a stratified sampling method. The overall prevalence rates of dyslipidemia in Uygur, Kazak, and Han adults were 42.4, 31.6, and 30.2%, respectively; they were 42.4, 31.8, and 28.2% after age standardization (P < 0.01). After standardization, the overall prevalence rates in Uygur, Kazak, and Han men were 52.6, 35.4, and 33.2%, respectively, which were significantly higher than that in women of the corresponding ethnicities (P < 0.01). In Uygur, Kazak, and Han adults, there were significant differences with respect to the standardized prevalence rates of high TG (9.3, 9.3, and 17.3%), high TC (5.2, 6.9, and 6%), low HDL-C (33.6, 20.8, and 11.1%), and high LDL-C (2.4, 2.9, and 2%) (P < 0.05). The prevalence rates of dyslipidemia in Uygur, Kazak, and Han adults in Xinjiang are higher than the average levels in China, with significant differences in ethnicity, age, and gender. Han adults exhibited the highest prevalence rate of high TG. Meanwhile, Uygur adults had the highest prevalence rate of low HDL-C. Kazak adults had high prevalence rates of high TC, low HDL-C, and high LDL-C.

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Smoking and smoking cessation—The relationship between cardiovascular disease and lipoprotein metabolism: A review

Cited by 275 publications

References 88 publications

Self‐Reported Smoking, Urine Cotinine, and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: Findings From the PREVEND (Prevention of Renal and Vascular End‐Stage Disease) Prospective Cohort Study

Self‐Reported Smoking, Urine Cotinine, and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: Findings From the PREVEND (Prevention of Renal and Vascular End‐Stage Disease) Prospective Cohort Study

Smoking Cessation Program with Exercise Improves Cardiovascular Disease Biomarkers in Sedentary Women

Epidemiological analysis of dyslipidemia in adults of three ethnicities in Xinjiang, China

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