Smoking, cortisol and nicotine

Steptoe, Andrew; Ussher, Michael

doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.10.011

Cited by 201 publications

(137 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Increased basal cortisol levels are consistent with an overactive CRH-HPA system associated with chronic alcohol abuse and acute and protracted withdrawal (Becker, 1999;Koob et al, 2004;Breese et al, 2005;Menzaghi et al, 1994;Koob et al, 1998;Funk et al, 2006). In this study, elevated salivary cortisol levels even after 28 days of abstinence suggests continued dysregulation of CRF-HPA Enhanced Negative Emotion and Alcohol Craving R Sinha et al function, as has been reported with other chronic distress states, and with habitual smoking (Bhagwagar et al, 2003;Steptoe and Ussher, 2006;Li et al, 2007). An inability to mount an adequate stress response may also reflect altered HPA axis function, which could, in turn, contribute to the enhanced emotional distress and craving state seen in this study, and support the notion of a weakened ability to effectively cope with stress during protracted abstinence (Adinoff et al, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Enhanced Negative Emotion and Alcohol Craving, and Altered Physiological Responses Following Stress and Cue Exposure in Alcohol Dependent Individuals

Sinha

Fox

Hong

et al. 2008

Neuropsychopharmacol

409

383

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Chronic alcohol abuse is associated with changes in stress and reward pathways that could alter vulnerability to emotional stress and alcohol craving. This study examines whether chronic alcohol abuse is associated with altered stress and alcohol craving responses. Treatment-engaged, 28-day abstinent alcohol-dependent individuals (ADs; 6F/22M), and social drinkers (SDs; 10F/18M) were exposed to a brief guided imagery of a personalized stressful, alcohol-related and neutral-relaxing situation, one imagery condition per session, presented in random order across 3 days. Alcohol craving, anxiety and emotion ratings, behavioral distress responses, heart rate, blood pressure, and salivary cortisol measures were assessed. Alcohol patients showed significantly elevated basal heart rate and salivary cortisol levels. Stress and alcohol cue exposure each produced a significantly enhanced and persistent craving state in alcohol patients that was marked by increased anxiety, negative emotion, systolic blood pressure responses, and, in the case of alcohol cue, behavioral distress responses, as compared to SDs. Blunted stress-induced cortisol responses were observed in the AD compared to the SD group. These data are the first to document that stress and cue exposure induce a persistent negative emotion-related alcohol craving state in abstinent alcoholics accompanied by dysregulated HPA and physiological arousal responses. As laboratory models of stress and negative mood-induced alcohol craving are predictive of relapse outcomes, one implication of the current data is that treatments targeting decreases in stress and alcohol cue-induced craving and regulation of stress responses could be of benefit in improving alcohol relapse outcomes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Enhanced Negative Emotion and Alcohol Craving, and Altered Physiological Responses Following Stress and Cue Exposure in Alcohol Dependent Individuals

Sinha

Fox

Hong

et al. 2008

Neuropsychopharmacol

409

383

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“…26 In clinical studies, smoking has been associated with increased cortisol levels. 27 Excess glucocorticoid affects bone remodeling both direct and indirectly, inducing alterations in osteoblastic and osteoclastic activities. 28 Part of the negative effect of smoking on bone metabolism is mediated by effects on sex steroid metabolism.…”

Section: Indirect Effects On Bone Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of lifestyle, smoking and other modifiable risk factors for osteoporotic fractures

Abrahamsen¹,

Brask-Lindemann

Rubin

et al. 2014

BoneKEy Reports

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Although many strong risk factors for osteoporosis-such as family history, fracture history and age-are not modifiable, a number of important risk factors are potential targets for intervention. Thus, simple, non-pharmacological intervention in patients at increased risk of osteoporotic fractures could include reduction of excessive alcohol intake, smoking cessation, adequate nutrition, patient education, daily physical activity and a careful review of medications that could increase the risk of falls and fractures. There remains, however, an unmet need for high-quality intervention studies in most of these areas.

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“…1). Furthermore, there are basal alterations in peripheral markers of stress, indicative of stress-related dysregulation in the CRF-HPA axis and in autonomic responses as measured by basal salivary cortisol and heart rate responses; these high basal responses are associated with lower or blunted stressrelated arousal, similar to other high and chronic distress states (Li et al 2007;Sinha et al 2000;Steptoe and Ussher 2006). It is important to note that these alterations were not accounted for by the smoking status or lifetime history of anxiety or mood disorders and therefore appear to be related to the history of chronic alcohol abuse.…”

Section: Stress Dysregulation and Enhanced Drug Craving In Addicted Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling Relapse Situations in the Human Laboratory

Sinha

2011

Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences

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It is well known that alcoholism is a chronic relapsing illness. While stress significantly impacts alcoholism risk, there is also evidence that increasing levels of alcohol use affect peripheral and central stress and reward pathways thereby setting up a reciprocal relationship among the effects of alcohol consumption of the development, course of and recovery from alcoholism. This chapter reviews our efforts in assessing the integrity of stress pathways in alcoholism by examining whether altered responses of the stress pathways play a role in relapse risk. Using validated human laboratory procedures to model two of the most common situations that contribute to relapse risk, we review how such models in the laboratory can predict subsequent alcohol relapse. Empirical findings from human laboratory and brain imaging studies are reviewed to show that specific stress-related dysregulation accompanies the alcohol craving state in alcohol-dependent individuals, and such dysregulation along with increases in alcohol seeking are predictive of increased alcohol relapse risk. Finally, the significant implications of these findings for the development of novel treatment interventions that target stress processes and alcohol craving to improve alcoholism relapse outcomes are discussed.

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Smoking, cortisol and nicotine

Cited by 201 publications

References 53 publications

Enhanced Negative Emotion and Alcohol Craving, and Altered Physiological Responses Following Stress and Cue Exposure in Alcohol Dependent Individuals

Enhanced Negative Emotion and Alcohol Craving, and Altered Physiological Responses Following Stress and Cue Exposure in Alcohol Dependent Individuals

A review of lifestyle, smoking and other modifiable risk factors for osteoporotic fractures

Modeling Relapse Situations in the Human Laboratory

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