Smoking during Pregnancy–Effects on the Fetal Thyroid Function

Meberg, Alf; Marstein, Sverre

doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1986.tb10287.x

Cited by 47 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Maternal smoking influences the thyroid function of the infants (Meberg & Marstein 1986, Chanoine et al 1991. In the present study, S pups did not display changes of thyroid hormone levels.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 47%

Effects of tobacco smoke exposure during lactation on nutritional and hormonal profiles in mothers and offspring

Santos-Silva

Oliveira²,

Pinheiro³

et al. 2011

Journal of Endocrinology

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Exposure to tobacco smoke is related to changes in energy balance regulation and several endocrine dysfunctions. Previously, we showed that maternal nicotine (the main addictive compound of tobacco) exposure exclusively during lactation affects biochemical profiles in mothers, milk, and pups. As the possible consequences for mothers and offspring of maternal smoking during lactation are still unknown, we evaluated the effects of tobacco smoke exposure on nutritional, biochemical, and hormonal parameters in dams and pups at weaning. After 72 h from birth, lactating rats were divided into two groups: smoke-exposed (S) in a cigarette-smoking machine, 4!1 h per day throughout the lactation period without pups; control (C), rats were treated the same as the experimental group but exposed to filtered air. Dams and pups were killed at weaning (21 days of lactation). Body weight and food intake were evaluated. Milk, blood, visceral fat, adrenal, and carcass were collected. S dams showed hyperprolactinemia (C50%), hypoinsulinemia (K40%), hypoleptinemia (K46%), as well as lower triglycerides (K53%) and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (K50%). Milk of S dams had higher lactose (C52%) and triglycerides (C78%). S pups presented higher body protein (C17%), lower total (K24%) and subcutaneous fat contents (K25%), hypoglycemia (K11%), hyperinsulinemia (C28%), hypocorticosteronemia (K40%), lower adrenal catecholamine content (K40%), hypertriglyceridemia (C34%), higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (C16%), and lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (K45%). In conclusion, tobacco smoke exposure leads to changes in nutritional, biochemical, and hormonal parameters in dams and, passively through the milk, may promote several important metabolic disorders in the progeny.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 47%

Effects of tobacco smoke exposure during lactation on nutritional and hormonal profiles in mothers and offspring

Santos-Silva

Oliveira²,

Pinheiro³

et al. 2011

Journal of Endocrinology

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“…They found that infants whose mothers and fathers smoked had higher cord serum thyroglobulin and thiocyanate concentrations than infants whose parents did not smoke. The infants had no other evidence of thyrotropin-independent thyroid stimulation, such as increased serum thyroxine or triiodothyronine or decreased serum thyrotropin concentrations, as has been reported by others (10). Thyroid size was not determined, but in another study it was increased in infants born of mothers who smoked (11).…”

mentioning

confidence: 61%

Effects of smoking on thyroid function

Utiger

1998

European Journal of Endocrinology

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“…Thiocyanates from cigarette smoke decrease the uptake of iodine into the thyroid gland by competitively inhibiting the sodium/iodide symporter. It has been previously reported that women who smoke during pregnancy are more likely to give birth to neonates with decreased T 4 levels, increased TSH levels, and thyroid enlargement (13,14). However, the influence of smoking on first-trimester maternal thyroid function test values has not previously been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Association of First-Trimester Thyroid Function Test Values with Thyroperoxidase Antibody Status, Smoking, and Multivitamin Use

Pearce

Oken

Gillman³

et al. 2008

Endocrine Practice

125

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Objective: To determine first-trimester thyroid function values and associations with thyroperoxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) status, smoking, emesis, and iodine-containing multivitamin use. Methods:We collected information by interview, questionnaire, and blood draw at the initial obstetric visit in 668 pregnant women without known thyroid disease. We compared thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH), total thyroxine (T 4 ), and free T 4 index (FT 4 I) values by TPO-Ab status. Multiple regression was used to identify characteristics associated with thyroid function values. Results:The following median (range containing 95% of the data points) thyroid function test values were obtained in 585 TPO-Ab-negative women: TSH, 1.1 mIU/L (0.04-3.6); FT 4 I, 2.1 (1.5-2.9); and T 4 , 9.9 μg/dL (7.0-14.0). The following median (range containing 95% of the data points) thyroid function test values were obtained in 83 TPO-Ab-positive women: TSH, 1.8 mIU/L (0.3-6.4) (P<.001); FT 4 I, 2.0 (1.4-2.7) (P = .06); and T 4 , 9.3 μg/dL (6.8-13.0) (P = .03) (P values denote statistically significant differences between TPO-Ab-positive and negative participants). Among TPO-Ab-negative participants, TSH level was not associated with use of iodine-containing multivitamins, smoking, or race. TSH increased 0.03 mIU/L for every year of maternal age (P = . 03) and decreased by 0.3 mIU/L for every increase in parity (P<.001). T 4 decreased 0.04 μg/dL for every year of maternal age (P = .04). Mean FT 4 I was 2.05 in smokers and 2.20 in nonsmokers (P<. 01). There were no relationships between T 4 or FT 4 I and parity, race, or iodine-containing multivitamin use. Conclusion:TPO-Ab status of pregnant women should be considered when constructing trimesterspecific reference ranges because elevated serum TPO-Ab levels are associated with higher TSH and lower T 4 values.

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Smoking during Pregnancy–Effects on the Fetal Thyroid Function

Cited by 47 publications

References 19 publications

Effects of tobacco smoke exposure during lactation on nutritional and hormonal profiles in mothers and offspring

Effects of tobacco smoke exposure during lactation on nutritional and hormonal profiles in mothers and offspring

Effects of smoking on thyroid function

Association of First-Trimester Thyroid Function Test Values with Thyroperoxidase Antibody Status, Smoking, and Multivitamin Use

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