Smoking in cars in England: a study of school students in an English city

Abstract

BackgroundExposure to secondhand smoke is associated with an increased risk of adverse health effects among children. Although smoking in the home is an established major source of exposure, less is known about rules on smoking in cars.MethodsIn a survey including a sample of secondary school students in Nottingham (UK) in 2012, participants were asked whether smoking was allowed in the family car, and how often the respondent travelled in a car in which smoking was allowed. Rules on smoking in cars were investigated in relation to socio-demographic variables and whether children had ever smoked themselves using logistic regression.ResultsOf 4,190 students aged 11–16 who provided data, approximately 12% reported that smoking was allowed in their family car and 35% that they travelled in a car where smoking was allowed at least sometimes. Absence of smoke free rules in the family car was more likely to be reported by children from more disadvantaged families, if parents and friends were smokers and if smoking was allowed in the main home. These factors, and having a sibling who smokes, were also independently associated with an increased risk of travelling in a car in which smoking was allowed at least sometimes. Respondents who were not protected from secondhand smoke in the car were also more likely to have ever smoked (adjusted odds ratio 1.59, 95% CI 1.18-2.14).ConclusionsAbsence of smoke free rules in a family car and travelling in a car where smoking was allowed was relatively common among secondary school students, was strongly related to social disadvantage and a higher risk of smoking experimentation. Measures to prevent such exposure are therefore indicated.

Malaysian adolescents’ exposure to secondhand smoke in the car of their parents/guardians: A nationwide cross-sectional school-based study

“…The SHS exposure rate of 23.3% in this study is very similar to the findings by Azagba et al 21 in Canada, to the 21.4% exposure rate reported by Agaku et al 22 among middle school students in the USA and the value of 23.0% reported among youth in New Zealand 23 . The prevalence in this study is slightly higher than the exposure rates of 19% 24 and 17.3% 19 reported among youth in England and Malaysia, respectively. However, the prevalence rate is lower than reported by studies conducted in Portugal and South Carolina, USA, respectively 16,25 .…”

Social disparities in children's exposure to secondhand smoke in privately owned vehicles

“…Most parents, including those of low SES, want to protect their children from SHS exposure and many report efforts to change their smoking behaviour for the sake of their children 47 48. Yet it may be that low SES parents experience greater barriers in having smoke-free private spaces49 and difficulty in establishing rules when it comes to the family car, with bans reported to be less likely in disadvantaged families 50…”