Smoking increases rectal cancer risk to the same extent in women as in men: results from a Norwegian cohort study

Parajuli, Ranjan; Bjerkaas, Eivind; Tverdal, Aage; Marchand, Loı̈c Le; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Gram, Inger Torhild

doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-321

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Therefore, there may be a residual confounding effect of smoking on the risk of lung cancer. Smoking is also associated with cervical and rectal cancer, which may explain why we find inverse association between hyperemesis and risk of these cancers. Furthermore, smoking is reported to reduce the risk of thyroid cancer, but the results are conflicting .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Hyperemesis gravidarum and maternal cancer risk, a scandinavian nested case‐control study

Vandraas

Grjibovski

Støer

et al. 2015

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Reproductive factors have been shown to influence cancer risk. Several pathological conditions during pregnancy have also been associated with subsequent altered cancer risk in the mother. Hyperemesis gravidarum (hyperemesis) is an early pregnancy condition characterized by severe nausea and vomiting resulting in weight loss and metabolic disturbances. Studies have reported associations between hyperemesis and cancer, but results are inconsistent. In this nested case-control study we linked the population-based medical birth registries and cancer registries in Norway, Sweden and Denmark in order to examine overall cancer risk and risk of specific cancer types in women with a history of hyperemesis, using conditional logistic regression. In total, 168,501 cases of cancer in addition to up to 10 cancer-free controls per case were randomly sampled, matched on year of birth and birth registry (n 5 1,721,626). Hyperemesis was defined through the International Classification of Diseases. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounders. Hyperemesis was inversely associated with overall cancer risk with adjusted relative risk (aRR) of 0.93 (95% CI: 0.88-0.99), with cancer in the lungs (aRR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.44-0.81), cervix (aRR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.49-0.91) and rectum (aRR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.29-0.78). Thyroid cancer was positively associated with hyperemesis (aRR 1.45, 95% CI: 1.06-1.99) and risk increased with more than one hyperemetic pregnancy (aRR 1.80, 95% CI: 1.23-2.63). Hormonal factors, in particular human chorionic gonadotropin, are likely to be involved in mediating these effects. This study is the first to systematically address these associations and provides valuable knowledge on potential long-term consequences of hyperemesis.Factors related to pregnancy including maternal age, parity and use of assisted reproductive techniques, have been shown to influence maternal cancer risk. 1-3 Also pregnancy related conditions have been associated with subsequent maternal cancer risk, such as preeclampsia and pregnancy related hypertension with reduced risk of breast cancer in several studies. 4,5 Hyperemesis gravidarum (hyperemesis), characterized by intractable nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy resulting in maternal weight loss, metabolic and electrolyte disturbances, 6 may also be associated with breast cancer, 7,8 but the results of studies have so far been inconsistent.Hyperemesis is likely related to altered hormonal levels such as human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and estrogen. 9 Studies have demonstrated that molar pregnancy, female or

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Hyperemesis gravidarum and maternal cancer risk, a scandinavian nested case‐control study

Vandraas

Grjibovski

Støer

et al. 2015

Intl Journal of Cancer

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“…We had previously examined the sex-specific associations between smoking and colon ( 17 ) and rectal ( 18 ) cancer in a large Norwegian cohort including 600,000 men and women. The results from these studies suggested that female smokers may be more susceptible to colon cancer ( 17 ) but not rectal cancer ( 18 ) in comparison with male smokers. Male former smokers had a higher risk of left colon cancer ( 17 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking-Related Risks of Colorectal Cancer by Anatomical Subsite and Sex

Gram

Park

Wilkens

et al. 2020

American Journal of Epidemiology

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The purpose of this study was to examine whether the increased risk of colorectal cancer due to cigarette smoking differed by anatomical subsite or sex. We analyzed data from 188,052 participants aged 45–75 years (45% men) who were enrolled in the Multiethnic Cohort Study in 1993–1996. During a mean follow-up period of 16.7 years, we identified 4,879 incident cases of invasive colorectal adenocarcinoma. In multivariate Cox regression models, as compared with never smokers of the same sex, male ever smokers had a 39% higher risk (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.39, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.16, 1.67) of cancer of the left (distal or descending) colon but not of the right (proximal or ascending) colon (HR = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.89, 1.18), while female ever smokers had a 20% higher risk (HR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.36) of cancer of the right colon but not of the left colon (HR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.80, 1.15). Compared with male smokers, female smokers had a greater increase in risk of rectal cancer with number of pack-years of smoking (P for heterogeneity = 0.03). Our results suggest that male smokers are at increased risk of left colon cancer and female smokers are at increased risk of right colon cancer. Our study also suggests that females who smoke may have a higher risk of rectal cancer due to smoking than their male counterparts.

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“…Rectal cancer spreads more frequently to the thoracic organs, bone and nervous system and less frequently to peritoneum compared to colon cancer [5]. Age, gender, smoking and diabetes mellitus are risk factors of rectal cancer [6–8]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abnormal expression of mRNA, microRNA alteration and aberrant DNA methylation patterns in rectal adenocarcinoma

Yang

Liu

et al. 2017

PLoS ONE

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AimRectal adenocarcinoma (READ) is a malignancy cancer with the high morbidity and motility worldwide. Our study aimed to explore the potential pathogenesis of READ through integrated analysis of gene expression profiling and DNA methylation data.MethodsThe miRNA, mRNA expression profiling and corresponding DNA methylation data were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Differentially expressed mRNAs/ miRNAs/methylated regions (DEmRNA/DEmiRNAs) were identified in READ. The negatively correlation of DEmiRNA-DEmRNAs and DNA methylation-DEmRNAs were obtained. DEmRNAs expression was validated through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and microarray expression profiling analyses.Results1192 dysregulated DEmRNAs, 27 dysregulated DEmiRNAs and 6403 aberrant methylation CpG sites were screened in READ compared to normal controls. 1987 negative interaction pairs among 27 DEmiRNAs and 668 DEmRNAs were predicted. 446 genes with aberrant methylation were annotated. Eventually, 50 DEmRNAs (39 down- and 11 up-regulated DEmRNAs) with hypermethylation, synchronously negatively targeted by DEmiRNAs, were identified through the correlation analysis among 446 genes with aberrant methylation and 668 DEmRNAs. 50 DEmRNAs were significantly enriched in cAMP signaling pathway, circadian entrainment and glutamatergic synapse. The validation results of expression levels of DEmRNAs through qRT-PCR and microarray analyses were compatible with our study.Conclusion7 genes of SORCS1, PDZRN4, LONRF2, CNGA3, HAND2, RSPO2 and GNAO1 with hypermethylation and negatively regulation by DEmiRNAs might contribute to the tumorigenesis of READ. Our work might provide valuable foundation for the READ in mechanism elucidation, early diagnosis and therapeutic target identification.

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Smoking increases rectal cancer risk to the same extent in women as in men: results from a Norwegian cohort study

Cited by 12 publications

References 22 publications

Hyperemesis gravidarum and maternal cancer risk, a scandinavian nested case‐control study

Hyperemesis gravidarum and maternal cancer risk, a scandinavian nested case‐control study

Smoking-Related Risks of Colorectal Cancer by Anatomical Subsite and Sex

Abnormal expression of mRNA, microRNA alteration and aberrant DNA methylation patterns in rectal adenocarcinoma

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