Smoking is a cause of ischaemic stroke, not a risk factor!

Braillon, Alain

doi:10.1111/ene.13585

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…viduals with a smoking history face a significantly increased risk of a second ischemic stroke when compared to non-smokers [21,22]. The detrimental effects of smoking on the cardiovascular system, such as vascular damage, heightened blood pressure, and the promotion of blood clot formation, are welldocumented contributors to stroke incidence [23][24][25]. Effective reduction of recurrent ischemic stroke risk among former smokers necessitates the implementation of smoking cessation programs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early warning model for stroke recurrence in acute ischemic stroke patients based on traditional Chinese medicine syndrome theory

2024

Am J Transl Res

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Objective: This study aimed to establish an early warning model for stroke recurrence in acute ischemic stroke patients based on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) syndrome theory. Methods: This retrospective study collected the data of 1741 patients with ischemic stroke from 7 clinical centers between July 2016 and November 2019. Distance correlation coefficient, mutual information entropy, and statistical correlation test were used for univariate analysis. Cox proportional hazards regression model was applied to construct and validate the stroke recurrence warning model at different time. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was used to evaluate the early warning ability of the model. Results: We successfully constructed the early warning model. The median follow-up time was 1.42 years (95% CI [1.37, 1.47]). Recurrence events occurred in 175 patients, with a cumulative recurrence rate of 10.05% (95% CI [8.64, 11.47]). The AUC of the model was 0.64±0.02 in the training set and 0.70±0.03 in the validation set. Conclusion: The TCM syndrome model can give an early warning for the recurrence of stroke and provide reference for the secondary prevention of ischemic stroke.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early warning model for stroke recurrence in acute ischemic stroke patients based on traditional Chinese medicine syndrome theory

2024

Am J Transl Res

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“…Thus, increasing our understanding of the clinical indicators for this disease is essential to improve the ability to predict stroke risk, as well as to reduce its incidence and associated disabilities. It is known that independent risk factors for stroke include age, sex, body mass index, positive family history, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes and heart disease (Braillon 2018;Guzik & Bushnell 2017;Kim & Kim 2018;Lan et al 2018). These factors may all cause changes in physiological functions thereby leading to abnormalities in renal or hepatic function, or blood count or lipid profile.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peer Review #1 of "Comparison of routine hematological indicators of liver and kidney function, blood count and lipid profile in healthy people and stroke patients (v0.2)"

2020

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Background and methods: Stroke has become a major public health problem worldwide. In this paper, we carried out statistical analysis, correlation analysis and principal component analysis to evaluate the clinical value of routine hematological indicators in early diagnosis of ischemic stroke using R language. Results: For the full blood count comparisons, stroke patients had obvious differences in the distribution width of red blood cells (RDW-CV), average distribution width of red blood cells (RDW-SD), mean hemoglobin concentrations, platelet large cell ratio, mean platelet volume and lymphocytes. Patients with ischemic stroke also exhibited different degrees of abnormalities in liver function test. With respect to renal function, stroke patients had obvious changes in uric acid and urea levels. Finally, when comparing the lipid profile, triglyceride concentrations were increased and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were reduced in stroke patients. In addition, correlation analysis among these clinical indicators indicated that there were both common characteristics and differences between patients and health controls . Furthermore, the results of principal component analysis indicated that these clinical indicators could distinguish patients from the healthy controls. Conclusion: Conventional hematological clinical indicators, such as liver function, renal function, full blood count and lipid concentration profiles highly correlated with the occurrence of ischemic stroke. Therefore, the detection and analyzation of these clinical indicators are of great significance for the prediction of ischemic stroke.

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Braillon states that we 'wrongly considered that cigarette smoking is a behaviour and a "risk factor" for stroke'. We could debate whether a factor like cigarette smoking that increases the risk of stroke is a risk factor or a cause [1]. We could also debate whether the act of purchasing cigarettes, lighting them, putting them to your lips and puffing on them represents a series of behaviours or not.

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confidence: 99%