SMS Fiber Sensor Utilizing a Few-Mode Fiber Exhibits Critical Wavelength Behavior

Salik, Ertan; Medrano, Melissa R.; Cohoon, Gregory A.; Miller, J.; Boyter, Chris; Koh, Joohyun

doi:10.1109/lpt.2012.2184090

Cited by 29 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Sensor chips from families (i) and (iii) can be modulated and will show opposite directions for the phase variation in response to the same index change, due to the different signs of the required modulation depth. This change in the sensor response direction is in agreement with previous studies with hetero‐modal fiber sensors which showed a similar critical behavior for a given wavelength.…”

Section: All‐optical Phase Modulation Methodssupporting

confidence: 92%

Linear readout of integrated interferometric biosensors using a periodic wavelength modulation

Dante

Duval

Fariña

et al. 2015

Laser & Photonics Reviews

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An all-optical phase modulation method for the linear readout of integrated interferometric biosensors is demonstrated, merging simple intensity detection with the advantages offered by spectral interrogation. The phase modulation is introduced in a simple and cost-effective way by tuning a few nanometers the emission wavelength of commercial laser diodes, taking advantage of their well-known drawback of power-wavelength dependence. The method is applied to the case of a bimodal waveguide (BiMW) interferometric biosensor, fabricated with standard silicon technology and operated at visible wavelengths, rendering a detection limit of 4 × 10 −7 refractive index units for bulk sensing. The biosensing capabilities of the phase-linearized BiMW device are assessed through the quantitative immunoassay of C-reactive protein, a key protein in inflammatory processes. This method can be applied to any modal interferometer.

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Section: All‐optical Phase Modulation Methodssupporting

confidence: 92%

Linear readout of integrated interferometric biosensors using a periodic wavelength modulation

Dante

Duval

Fariña

et al. 2015

Laser & Photonics Reviews

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“…However, in some modal interferometers based on the interference between the fundamental core mode, LP01, and the first circularly symmetric higher-order core mode, LP02, a critical wavelength (CWL) exists in the transmission spectra, and the wavelength spacing between adjacent peaks reach a maximum for the peak that closest to CWL on each side. As reported in the references [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15], in the CWL-existed in-line MZIs constructed by single mode fiber (SMF) -GeO2-doped graded-index multimode fiber (MMF) -single mode fiber (SMS) structure [8,9], or SMF -few mode fiber (FMF) -SMF (SFS) structure [10][11][12][13][14][15], the peaks on the different sides (both the lower wavelength side and the higher wavelength side) of the CWL shift to opposite wavelength directions under conditions where temperature or strain variations are seen, and the temperature/strain sensitivity reaches a maximum for the peak that located closest to the CWL (one from each side). However, all the previous studies have been focused on the analysis of the CWL behavior [11][12][13][14] and only the experimental behaviors of the peaks are studied [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…The interference between the LP01 and LP02 modes is selected by using the output SMF. If the optical power ratios transferred to the LP01 and LP02 modes from the input SMF are t1=P1/Pin and t2=P2/Pin, respectively, then the transmission through the FMF is simply given by [10]:…”

Section: Theoretical Analysis Of the Sfs Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on Temperature and Strain Sensitivities of a Few-Mode Critical Wavelength Fiber Optic Sensor

Dong

et al. 2019

IEEE Sensors J.

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This paper studied the relationship between the temperature/strain wavelength sensitivity of a fiber optic in-line Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) sensor and the wavelength separation of the measured wavelength to the critical wavelength (CWL) in a CWL-existed interference spectrum formed by interference between LP01 and LP02 modes. The in-line MZI fiber optic sensor has been constructed by splicing a section of specially designed few-mode fiber (FMF), which support LP01 and LP02 modes propagating in the fiber, between two pieces of single mode fiber. The propagation constant difference, Δβ, between the LP01 and LP02 modes, changes non-monotonously with wavelength and reaches a maximum at the CWL. As a result, in sensor operation, peaks on the different sides of the CWL then shift in opposite directions, and the associated temperature/strain sensitivities increase significantly when the measured wavelength points become close to the CWL, from both sides of the CWL. A theoretical analysis carried out has predicted that with this specified FMF sensor approach, the temperature/strain wavelength sensitivities are governed by the wavelength difference between the measured wavelength and the CWL. This conclusion was seen to agree well with the experimental results obtained. Combining the wavelength shifts of the peaks and the CWL in the transmission spectrum of the SFS structure, this study has shown that this approach forms the basis of effective designs of high sensitivity sensors for multi-parameter detection and offering a large measurement range to satisfy the requirements needed for better industrial measurements.

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“…In some in-line Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) (constructed by splicing multimode fiber (MMF) or few mode fiber (FMF) between two pieces of SMF -termed SMS or SFS structures), a critical wavelength (CWL) may appear in the transmission spectra of the LP01-LP02 mode interference [9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. The peaks that lie closest to the CWL at each side have their maximum spacing from the adjacent peaks and thus it is easy to identify them from the interference fringes seen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Measurement of Strain and Temperature With a Few-Mode Fiber-Based Sensor

Dong

et al. 2018

J. Lightwave Technol.

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This paper proposes a novel detection scheme simultaneously to measure strain and temperature, based on a simple to construct device using a section of a specially designed few mode fiber (FMF). The parameters and index profile of the FMF used as the key sensor element are such that the fiber supports only the LP01 and LP02 modes. The propagation constant difference between LP01 and LP02 modes, Δβ, has a maximum corresponding to the critical wavelength (CWL) in the fiber transmission spectrum. Because the two peaks located closest to the CWL from both sides, Left Peak 1 and Right Peak 1, shift in opposite directions, with different sensitivities under axial strain and temperature variations, the FMF device is capable of measuring the strain and temperature simultaneously. A theoretical analysis has been carried out as part of the design process and the experimental results obtained are found to agree well with the theoretical predictions. The characteristics of this sensor scheme is discussed in light of other competing approaches to simultaneous temperature and strain monitoring and is found to show advantages which suit several practical applications including compactness, ease of fabrication and implementation, relatively high sensitivities and low cost.

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SMS Fiber Sensor Utilizing a Few-Mode Fiber Exhibits Critical Wavelength Behavior

Cited by 29 publications

References 17 publications

Linear readout of integrated interferometric biosensors using a periodic wavelength modulation

Linear readout of integrated interferometric biosensors using a periodic wavelength modulation

Studies on Temperature and Strain Sensitivities of a Few-Mode Critical Wavelength Fiber Optic Sensor

Simultaneous Measurement of Strain and Temperature With a Few-Mode Fiber-Based Sensor

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