Snacking between main meals is associated with a higher risk of metabolic syndrome in a Mediterranean cohort: the SUN Project (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra)

Pimenta, Adriano Marçal; Bes–Rastrollo, Maira; Gea, Alfredo; Sayón-Orea, Carmen; Zazpe, Itzíar; Lopez-Iracheta, Roberto; Martínez‐González, Miguel Ángel

doi:10.1017/s1368980015001342

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…A study in 6851 Spanish university graduates investigated the specific impact of snacking on metabolic syndrome risk ( 40 ) . Participants were classified into two categories based on the response to the question ‘do you have the habit of snacking between main meals?’ (yes or no).…”

Section: Evidence For Meal Irregularity and Cardiometabolic Consequencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meal irregularity and cardiometabolic consequences: results from observational and intervention studies

2016

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Studying irregular meal patterns fits in with the latest research focusing not only on what people eat but also when they eat, also called chrono-nutrition. Chrono-nutrition involves studying the impact of nutrition on metabolism via circadian patterns, including three aspects of time: (ir)regularity, frequency and clock time. The present paper aimed to narratively review research on irregular meal patterns and cardiometabolic consequences. Only few cross-sectional studies and prospective cohort studies were identified, and most of these suggested that eating meals irregularly is associated with a higher risk of the metabolic syndrome and cardiometabolic risk factors, including BMI and blood pressure. This was supported by two randomised controlled intervention studies showing that consuming meals regularly for 2 weeks v. an irregular meal pattern, led to beneficial impact on cardiometabolic risk factors as lower peak insulin, lower fasting total and LDL-cholesterol, both in lean and obese women. In conclusion, the limited evidence on meal regularity and cardiometabolic consequences supports the hypothesis that consuming meals irregularly is adversely associated with cardiometabolic risk. However, it also highlights the need for more large-scale studies, including detailed dietary assessment to further advance the understanding of the impact of chrono-nutrition on public health.

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Section: Evidence For Meal Irregularity and Cardiometabolic Consequencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meal irregularity and cardiometabolic consequences: results from observational and intervention studies

2016

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“…The current study shows that unhealthy snack foods intake may be positively associated with the risk of MetS. Studies conducted to indicate the relationship between snack foods intake and risk of MetS are limited, their results are debatable, and most of them observed the association only among children and adolescents [ 10 , 31 , 32 ]. For example, our previous study investigated the effect of energy dense-nutrient poor snacks and incidence of MetS; no association was observed between biscuits and cakes, candies and chocolates and salty snacks with MetS among study population; however, in comparison to the current study the former was a cohort study with the average 3 years of follow-up period [ 31 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Additionally, a 20% increase in the frequency of snacks intake was associated with weight gain and dysglycemia [8], and metabolically unhealthy obese subjects had a higher frequency of salty snacks, compared with metabolically healthy obese subjects [9]. Furthermore, snack foods was associated with imbalance energy intake and poor diet quality, which leads to weight gain as well as oxidative stress and inflammation [10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socioeconomic status and lifestyle factors modifies the association between snack foods intake and incidence of metabolic syndrome

Mirmiran

Aghayan

Bakhshi

et al. 2021

Nutr J

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Background Intake of snack foods has been previously associated with an elevated risk of chronic disease; however, studies on snack foods and metabolic syndrome (MetS) while considering the modifying effect of socioeconomic status (SES) and lifestyle factors on this association are lacking. We aimed to investigate the association between snack foods intake and the MetS risk, and the mediatory effects of SES and lifestyle factors on the forenamed association among adults who participated in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (2006–2018). Methods This is a prospective study of 1915 participants (male, 40.5%), aged 19–74 year who were free of MetS at baseline. Dietary intakes were gathered using a validated, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire at baseline (2006–2008), and with 3-year intervals afterwards. Alternative approach was used for snack foods from all available questionnaires during follow-up. Snack foods were divided into 4 categories, including total snacks, biscuits and cakes, candies and chocolate, and salty snacks. Total snack foods intake and its subgroup (serving/week) were modeled as tertiles. MetS was diagnosed according to the Joint Interim Statement criteria. Physical activity level (PAL) categorized as low/medium and high levels. Information regarding smoking (Smoker/Non-smoker), education (higher/lower education), and occupation (employed/non-employed) was gathered using questionnaire. The Cox regression was used, regarding interaction between snack foods, SES, and PAL on the MetS risk. Results A total of 591 incident MetS cases were diagnosed during 8.9 years of follow-up. The median total snack foods intake was 5.2 serving/week (IQR: 3.0–9.1). Total snack foods intake was positively associated with the MetS risk after adjusting for potential confounders (adjusted for age and gender, energy intake, total fiber intake, smoking status, PAL, education levels, family history of diabetes, family history of CVD events, and BMI). After adjustment for confounders, among snacks’ subgroups, candies and chocolate intake was positively associated with MetS risk. Moreover, among lower-educated and non-employed participants, candies and chocolate intake was positively associated with the MetS risk, by 38 and 43% respectively. Stratification based on PAL resulted a positive association between intake of total snack foods and candies and chocolates and risk of MetS among participants with low PAL. Conclusion Snack foods, especially candies and chocolate, increased the risk of MetS, among individuals with a low PAL.

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“…using a food frequency questionnaire), and thus it is possible that the Temp Housing group also consumed a lower quality diet – for example, consisting of store-bought pre-packaged foods that were calorie-dense and high in refined carbohydrates – which may have increased their risk of developing MetS. Residents of Temp Housing may have also engaged in more snacking between meals, which is associated with increased risk of developing MetS [ 35 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased incidence of metabolic syndrome among older survivors relocated to temporary housing after the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake & tsunami

et al. 2020

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Background Beyond the immediate toll of injuries and deaths, major disasters are often associated with long-term increased risks of chronic disease. We sought to investigate the incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among survivors of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami. Methods Subjects aged ≥18 years from the tsunami-stricken area participated in a prospective cohort study of disaster survivors (the RIAS Study) from 2011 to 2015. After excluding subjects who were previously diagnosed with MetS, we observed the cumulative incidence of MetS across four annual examinations among 7318 subjects (mean age, 59.8 years; 43.5% men). We defined MetS using the International Diabetes Foundation criteria. Results The 4-year cumulative incidence of MetS was 18.0% in the overall sample. The incidence was significantly higher among older women survivors relocated to prefabricated temporary housing (40.9%, 95% confidence interval, 36.4–44.6), and other types of housing (36.2%, 95% CI: 32.3–40.6) compared to those who were not relocated (34.1%, 95% CI: 30.9–37.4). An increase in incidence of MetS was not observed for older men, or younger survivors aged ≤64 years. Conclusion Relocation to prefabricated temporary housing was a risk factor for increased incidence of MetS in older women.

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Snacking between main meals is associated with a higher risk of metabolic syndrome in a Mediterranean cohort: the SUN Project (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra)

Cited by 15 publications

References 35 publications

Meal irregularity and cardiometabolic consequences: results from observational and intervention studies

Meal irregularity and cardiometabolic consequences: results from observational and intervention studies

Socioeconomic status and lifestyle factors modifies the association between snack foods intake and incidence of metabolic syndrome

Increased incidence of metabolic syndrome among older survivors relocated to temporary housing after the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake & tsunami

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