Socioeconomic status and lifestyle factors modifies the association between snack foods intake and incidence of metabolic syndrome

Mirmiran, Parvin; Aghayan, Maryam; Bakhshi, Bahar; Hosseinpour-Niazi, Somayeh; Azizi, Fereidoun

doi:10.1186/s12937-021-00728-y

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Previous studies have shown that the types of snacks consumed by young adults are usually characterized by high amounts of fat, sugar, and total calories, and are considered unhealthy eating habits that might contribute to weight gain [ 18 , 19 ]. Prior evidence suggests that chocolates/candies, cookies, biscuits, donuts, potato chips, and nuts are among the most common types of snacks consumed by university students [ 49 , 61 , 62 , 65 ]. Remarkably, our results also showed that almost 40% of university students consumed fruits and vegetables as snacks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of the Intake of Snacks and Lifestyle Behaviors on Obesity among University Students Living in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Aljefree¹,

Shatwan²,

Almoraie³

2022

Healthcare

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Unhealthy eating habits increase the risk of obesity. This study investigated the association between obesity and the intake of snacks and lifestyle behaviors among university students in Saudi Arabia. The study included 662 students aged 18–29 years, studying at King Abdulaziz University. An online survey collected data on sociodemographic characteristics, height, and weight, to calculate body mass index (BMI), lifestyle behaviors, dietary habits, and snack intake. The prevalence of overweight and obese students was 18.6% and 12.7%, respectively. Sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle behaviors had insignificant effects on obesity. Obese students consumed two meals daily and more cereals during breakfast. Non-obese students consumed more beverages at breakfast and had their daily meals with their families. The frequency of intake of snacks had an insignificant effect on obesity. However, obese students had a significantly higher intake of potato chips, popcorn, and biscuits, while non-obese students had a significantly higher intake of salads compared with obese students. Students consumed significantly less fruit and vegetables, chocolate, biscuits, nuts, and dairy products as snacks when inside the university compared to outside. To reduce obesity among students, universities should ensure access to healthy snacks, and provide health education programs to encourage healthy eating habits and lifestyles.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of the Intake of Snacks and Lifestyle Behaviors on Obesity among University Students Living in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Aljefree¹,

Shatwan²,

Almoraie³

2022

Healthcare

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“…Food items that are high in fat, sugar, and total calories, such as chocolate and potato chips, are commonly consumed as snacks [ 6 ]. Prior research has shown that snack intake may be associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome [ 7 – 9 ]. Other studies have reported contradictory findings [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Snacking pattern of college students in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study

Shatwan

Aljefree²,

Almoraie³

2022

BMC Nutr

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Background Although unhealthy snack foods are commonly consumed by college students, snacking patterns among college students have not been comprehensively examined in Saudi Arabia. In our study, we aimed to investigate snacking patterns among Saudi college students and to assess sociodemographic data that affect adherence to these snacking patterns. Methods Between January 2021 and March 2021 in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, an online survey was conducted with 662 college students from a Saudi university. The survey included sociodemographic questions and a short food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) regarding the consumption of common snack foods. Snacking patterns were generated from the FFQ using the factor analysis method. Results Factor analyses generated seven snacking patterns, which explained 64.5% of the variance in snacking. Students in their early academic years (1–3 years) had a higher score for the convenience snack and fast-food pattern (0.22 ± 0.48 and 0.31 ± 0.52, respectively) than senior students (4–6 years) (P = 0.03 and 0.04, respectively). Healthy snacks patterns were higher among students at higher income levels (P = 0.006) and active students (P < 0.001) than among students at low- or mid-income levels and inactive students. Higher adherence to the beverages pattern was observed among male students (P = 0.03), active students (P = 0.01), and students with obesity than their counterparts (P = 0.02). The dairy products pattern was higher among male students (P = 0.04), students at higher income levels (P = 0.04), and students with obesity (P = 0.03) than their counterparts. Conclusions Most snacking patterns identified among the study participants were considered unhealthy. Adherence to healthy snacks is influenced by physical activity and family income. These findings may be helpful in the future for developing adequate nutrition education programs that promote health by adhering to healthy snack choices in this critical age group. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and to investigate snacking patterns among other age groups in Saudi Arabia.

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“…The results of the previous studies support this hypothesis. Previous studies have shown that the consumption of candy and chocolate increases the risk of MetS by more than 30% [ 48 ]. In addition, university students who consumed snacks had a high energy intake and a 15.36 times higher risk of having two or more MetS risk factors [ 49 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of main meal frequency and skipping with metabolic syndrome in Korean adults: a cross-sectional study

Park

Shin

Lee

2023

Nutr J

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Background Reduced meal frequency can increase the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, limited studies have examined the association between meal frequency and skipping meals with MetS. This study aims to analyze the association between main meal frequency and meal skipping with MetS in Korean adults aged ≥ 19 years. Methods In this study, we included data from 22,699 Korean adult participants from the 2016–2020 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The 24-h dietary recall method was used to classify the participants into three groups based on main meal frequency (one, two, or three meals per day) and seven groups based on the type of main meal they skipped. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the association between main meal frequency and the types of main meals skipped with the odds of MetS and its associated components. Appropriate estimates were accounted for using sampling weights, stratification, and clustering. Results The prevalence of MetS in the study population was 33.8%. The average age of the participants was 47.2 years with 42.6% being men, and 57.4% being women. Men who consumed two meals per day had higher odds of MetS than those who consumed three meals per day (odds ratio [OR] 1.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01–1.33). Women who consumed two meals per day, and skipped breakfast had increased odds of having elevated fasting blood glucose levels (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.02–1.35), and elevated triglycerides (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.02–1.39). However, women who skipped dinner had reduced odds of having elevated fasting blood glucose levels (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.58–0.94). Conclusions Our findings suggest that meal frequency and the type of main meal skipped may be associated with MetS and emphasize the importance of consuming breakfast to prevent MetS.

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Socioeconomic status and lifestyle factors modifies the association between snack foods intake and incidence of metabolic syndrome

Cited by 9 publications

References 40 publications

Impact of the Intake of Snacks and Lifestyle Behaviors on Obesity among University Students Living in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Impact of the Intake of Snacks and Lifestyle Behaviors on Obesity among University Students Living in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Snacking pattern of college students in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study

Association of main meal frequency and skipping with metabolic syndrome in Korean adults: a cross-sectional study

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