Snail Coordinately Regulates Downstream Pathways to Control Multiple Aspects of Mammalian Neural Precursor Development

Zander, Mark; Burns, Sarah; Yang, Guang; Kaplan, David R.; Miller, Freda D.

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0370-14.2014

Cited by 25 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…HES-positive cells remain undifferentiated, while retaining their neurogenic potential for later rounds of neuroblast production. Cells with low levels of Notch activity progress towards a stage of commitment as neural progenitor or neural precursor.Committed neural progenitors enter their phase of proliferation by expressing a set of zinc-finger transcription factors, among them Snail, which control the orientation and location of the mitotic spindle, and cell cycle genes (Ashraf and Ip, 2001; Zander et al, 2014). Conserved factors such as Prospero (Knoblich, 1997; Li and Vaessin, 2000; Kaltezioti et al, 2010) and Numb (Cayouette and Raff, 2002; Johnson, 2003; Zhong, 2003) trigger the exit from the cell cycle and initiate neural differentiation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conserved factors such as SoxB transcription factors (Xenopus: Mizuseki et al, 1998; chicken and mouse: Pevny and Plczek, 2005; zebrafish: Schmidt et al, 2013) and Snail zinc finger proteins (Zander et al, 2014; for mouse) play a role in the neuroepithelium to promote proliferation and prevent cell death. Another member of the Snail family of transcription factors, Scratch, is required for delamination of neural precursors by downregulating E-cadherin (Itoh et al, 2013; for mouse); this function could be very similar to the role of Drosophila Snail, which comes on in neuroblasts about to lose contact with the apical surface (Ashraf and Ip, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Evolution of Early Neurogenesis

2015

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The foundation for the complex architecture of the brain is laid by means of a highly stereotyped pattern of proliferation and migration of neural progenitors during embryonic development. This process, termed early neurogenesis, is controlled by genetic mechanisms that have been studied in a number of experimentally amenable vertebrate and invertebrate model systems. Despite of the fact that many of these genetic mechanisms are highly conserved, fundamental structural aspects of early neurogenesis are different in the model systems used. The vertebrate brain is formed by layers of neurons that arise from large numbers of apical and basal progenitors embedded in an invaginated neuroepithelium (neural tube). By contrast, neurons in Drosophila or C. elegans descend from a relatively small number of invariant progenitors which divide in an asymmetric, stem cell-like pattern to create fixed lineages. In order to achieve a better understanding of neurogenesis it is beneficial to explore the evolution of this process. The use of molecular markers and experimental approaches spawned by the model systems has made it possible to study early neurogenesis in other animals, representing a variety of different clades, and our review attempts to provide a survey of this body of work. We divide the neurogenetic process into discrete elements, including origin, pattern, proliferation, and movement of neuronal progenitors, and compare these elements (the “toolkit” of early neurogenesis) in animals that represent the different clades. In cnidarians and many basal bilaterians the entire embryonic ectoderm produces neural precursors that differentiate within the epithelium or delaminate, and form a diffuse basiepithelial nerve net. In addition, one can distinguish in most basal bilaterians ectodermal subdomains (neuroectoderm), defined by conserved regulatory genes and signaling pathways, that contain neural progenitors at higher density, and with increased proliferatory activity. These neuroectodermal progenitors remain at the surface in the (few) basal lophotrochozoans (polychaetes) for which data exist; progenitors become internalized by a combination of delamination and invagination in basal ecdysozoans (onychophorans) and deuterostomes (hemichordates, cephalochordates). In more evolved bilaterians, larger nervous systems are realized by increasing the volume of invaginated neural progenitors (vertebrates, chelicerates), and/or advancing neural proliferation by switching to a mode of asymmetric, self-renewing mitosis (insects, crustaceans, derived annelids, vertebrates). In addition, the pattern of distribution and proliferation of neural progenitors is more precisely controlled, resulting in nervous systems with invariant neuronal architecture (annelids, arthropods, nematodes). Given their limited occurrence in derived clades, these aspects of neurogenesis have likely evolved independently multiple times.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Evolution of Early Neurogenesis

2015

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“…If so, the phenotype observed in the esg mutant could be partially penetrant due to an scrt-mediated redundancy similar to that described here in neural progenitor cells. Since members of the Snail and Scrt families are also expressed in neural progenitors in vertebrates (Itoh et al, 2013;Vieceli et al, 2013;Zander et al, 2014), our results are likely to be of general relevance and might help improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying vertebrate neurogenesis.…”

Section: Esg and Scrt Act Redundantly To Control Cell Identitymentioning

confidence: 79%

Escargot and Scratch regulate neural commitment by antagonizing Notch activity in Drosophila sensory organs

Ramat¹,

Audibert

Louvet-Vallée

et al. 2016

Development

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During Notch (N)-mediated binary cell fate decisions, cells adopt two different fates according to the levels of N pathway activation: an N offdependent or an N on -dependent fate. How cells maintain these N activity levels over time remains largely unknown. We address this question in the cell lineage that gives rise to the Drosophila mechanosensory organs. In this lineage a primary precursor cell undergoes a stereotyped sequence of oriented asymmetric cell divisions and transits through two neural precursor states before acquiring a neuron identity. Using a combination of genetic and cell biology strategies, we show that Escargot and Scratch, two transcription factors belonging to the Snail superfamily, maintain N off neural commitment by directly blocking the transcription of N target genes. We propose that Snail factors act by displacing proneural transcription activators from DNA binding sites. As such, Snail factors maintain the N off state in neural precursor cells by buffering any ectopic variation in the level of N activity. Since Escargot and Scratch orthologs are present in other precursor cells, our findings are fundamental for understanding precursor cell fate acquisition in other systems.

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“…Also, SNAI1 in the mouse cortex controls the proliferation of progenitor cells via regulation of cdc25b (Stg) [291], also adding SNAI1 to the OKSM combination of factors, enhances the mouse fibroblast to iPS cells reprogramming [292]. Further, Oct1-2 in mammalians is related to Pdm1-2 in Drosophila [293].…”

Section: The Genetic Mechanisms Governing the Nb Identity Are Conservmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic mechanisms regulating proliferation and cell specification in the Drosophila embryonic CNS

Bahrampour¹

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Cover picture/illustration: Confocal image of the Drosophila embryos fillets at stage 12, stained for Dpn (green), Pros (red), GsbN (blue) and PH3 (white). The front cover shows the control, and the back cover is the combinatorial misexpression of da-Gal/UAS-ase, -SoxN, -wor, -hb, -Kr, -nub leads to the widespread generation of NBs and GMCs, and extensive proliferation throughout the ectoderm, contrary the underlying VNC shows normal segmentation.Published articles have been reprinted with the permission of the copyright holder.Printed in Sweden by LiU-Tryck, Linköping, Sweden, 2017

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Snail Coordinately Regulates Downstream Pathways to Control Multiple Aspects of Mammalian Neural Precursor Development

Cited by 25 publications

References 35 publications

The Evolution of Early Neurogenesis

The Evolution of Early Neurogenesis

Escargot and Scratch regulate neural commitment by antagonizing Notch activity in Drosophila sensory organs

Genetic mechanisms regulating proliferation and cell specification in the Drosophila embryonic CNS

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