Soap determination in sewage sludge by high‐performance liquid chromatography

Moreno, A.; Bravo, José Elías Becerril; Ferrer, J.; Bengoechea, C.

doi:10.1007/bf02641001

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…While the Ca-soaps (C 12 , C 18 , C 22 ) exhibited high gas formation rates (> 85%) in the static system within a 10-day test duration, the semi continuously run investigations with Na-soaps showed that the time needed for mineralization was increasing with the chain length and concomitantly with the water solubility. The relatively poor water solubility of Ca/Mgsoaps may also account for the high soap concentrations found in the raw sludges of sewage treatment plants (up to 5% of sludge dry matter); nevertheless, the mass balances of soap based on a monitoring study of the concentrations in sludges of a digester influent and effluent, respectively, showed unequivocally that the removal of soap was about 70% 64) .…”

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confidence: 99%

Laundry Detergents: An Overview

Bajpai¹,

Tyagi²

2007

J. Oleo Sci.

198

138

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Nowadays laundry detergents are becoming increasingly popular as they can be metered automatically into the washing machine, impart softness, antistaticness, resiliency to fabrics, mild to eyes and skins and shows good dispersibility in water. Because it is consumed when it is used, the sale of laundry detergent is a rather large business. There are many different kinds or brands of laundry detergent sold, many of them claiming some special qualities as selling points. A Laundry detergent composition is a formulated mixture of raw materials that can be classified into different types based on their properties and function in the final product. The different classes of raw materials are surfactants, builders, bleaching agents, enzymes, and minors which remove dirt, stain, and soil from surfaces or textiles gave them pleasant feel and odour. The physico-chemical properties of surfactants make them suitable for laundry purposes. Laundry detergent has traditionally been a powdered or granular solid, but the use of liquid laundry detergents has gradually increased over the years, and these days use of liquid detergent equals or even exceeds use of solid detergent. This review paper describes the history, composition, types, mechanism, consumption, environmental effects and consumption of laundry detergents.

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confidence: 99%

Laundry Detergents: An Overview

Bajpai¹,

Tyagi²

2007

J. Oleo Sci.

198

138

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“…Calcium soap (50 g/kg) and a mixture of free fatty acids containing 100 g/kg of each fatty acid were added to samples to optimize a procedure for interference removal. First, the solvent was selected following the methodology proposed by Moreno et al [17]. We tested petroleum ether, hexane, cyclohexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Commercial fatty acids C 10:0 to C 18:1 (purity 97-99%) were supplied by Merck. Fatty acid K and Ca salts were synthesized in our laboratory (purity 98-99%) following the methodology proposed by Moreno et al [17]. Briefly, individual solutions of fatty acids with chain length from C 8:0 to C 20:0 in acetone were prepared (100 g/L), and K soap was obtained by precipitation with a saturated water solution of potassium carbonate.…”

Section: Chemicals and Reagentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of insoluble soap in agricultural soil and sewage sludge samples by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection

Cantarero

Zafra-Gómez

Ballesteros

et al. 2010

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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We have developed a new analytical procedure for determining insoluble Ca and Mg fatty acid salts (soaps) in agricultural soil and sewage sludge samples. The number of analytical methodologies that focus in the determination of insoluble soap salts in different environmental compartments is very limited. In this work, we propose a methodology that involves a sample clean-up step with petroleum ether to remove soluble salts and a conversion of Ca and Mg insoluble salts into soluble potassium salts using tripotassium ethylenediaminetetraacetate salt and potassium carbonate, followed by the extraction of analytes from the samples using microwave-assisted extraction with methanol. An improved esterification procedure using 2,4-dibromoacetophenone before the liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection analysis also has been developed. The absence of matrix effect was demonstrated with two fatty acid Ca salts that are not commercial and are never detected in natural samples (C₁₃:₀ and C₁₇:₀). Therefore, it was possible to evaluate the matrix effect because both standards have similar environmental behavior (adsorption and precipitation) to commercial soaps (C₁₀:₀) to C₁₈:₀). We also studied the effect of the different variables on the clean-up, the conversion of Ca soap, and the extraction and derivatization procedures. The quantification limits found ranged from 0.4 to 0.8 mg/kg. The proposed method was satisfactorily applied for the development of a study on soap behavior in agricultural soil and sewage sludge samples.

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“…Fatty acid potassium and calcium salts were synthesized in our laboratory (purity 98-99%) following the methodology proposed by Moreno. [18] Commercial LAS was supplied by Cepsa Quimica S.A. (San Roque, Spain) as an aqueous solution of the sodium salt with a LAS content of 47.5% (w/w). Average molecular weight was 342.2 g mol −1 and the distribution of the linear alkyl chain homologues was: C 10:0 13.5%, C 11:0 33.1%, C 12:0 29.3%, C 13:0 23.1% and others 1%.…”

Section: Chemicals and Reagentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental monitoring study of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and insoluble soap in Spanish sewage sludge samples

Cantarero

Zafra-Gómez

Ballesteros

et al. 2011

Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A

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In this work we present a monitoring study of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) and insoluble soap performed on Spanish sewage sludge samples. This work focuses on finding statistical relations between LAS concentrations and insoluble soap in sewage sludge samples and variables related to wastewater treatment plants such as water hardness, population and treatment type. It is worth to mention that 38 samples, collected from different Spanish regions, were studied. The statistical tool we used was Principal Component Analysis (PC), in order to reduce the number of response variables. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and a non-parametric test such as the Kruskal-Wallis test were also studied through the estimation of the p-value (probability of obtaining a test statistic at least as extreme as the one that was actually observed, assuming that the null hypothesis is true) in order to study possible relations between the concentration of both analytes and the rest of variables. We also compared LAS and insoluble soap behaviors. In addition, the results obtained for LAS (mean value) were compared with the limit value proposed by the future Directive entitled "Working Document on Sludge". According to the results, the mean obtained for soap and LAS was 26.49 g kg(-1) and 6.15 g kg(-1) respectively. It is worth noting that LAS mean was significantly higher than the limit value (2.6 g kg(-1)). In addition, LAS and soap concentrations depend largely on water hardness. However, only LAS concentration depends on treatment type.

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Soap determination in sewage sludge by high‐performance liquid chromatography

Cited by 6 publications

References 10 publications

Laundry Detergents: An Overview

Laundry Detergents: An Overview

Determination of insoluble soap in agricultural soil and sewage sludge samples by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection

Environmental monitoring study of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and insoluble soap in Spanish sewage sludge samples

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