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The share of informal employment in the world is almost 60% of all employment in the labor market. The informal sector is an important part of the economy, especially in low-income countries with high rates of population growth low urbanization. The informal sector creates jobs, providing income for more than two billion people worldwide. In difficult circumstances, the informally employed (NFE) are precisely those people who are willing to do lower quality work, which does not guarantee them social protection, labor rights, and decent working conditions. Widespread informal employment in all its forms entails adverse consequences of various kinds for workers, enterprises, and society as a whole. For example, informal economic units tend to have low productivity and lack access to financial resources, which creates barriers to decent work and sustainable development. This article highlights the objectively existing conditions and features of development in different parts of the world, assessing their impact on the social composition and the number of participants in informal labor relations. At the same time, it shows the unambiguous position of the international community, which is the leitmotif of all documents of the UN, ILO, IMF, OECD – providing decent work and social protection to all informal workers. The factor of education in employment depends most of all on the political will of both the global community and the leadership of a particular country, therefore it can be influenced, unlike the prevailing economic conditions. Education creates human potential, contributes to the development of the country and, as will be shown in the article, affects the number of informal employееs. The level of education is closely connected with the level of informal employment in all regions.
The share of informal employment in the world is almost 60% of all employment in the labor market. The informal sector is an important part of the economy, especially in low-income countries with high rates of population growth low urbanization. The informal sector creates jobs, providing income for more than two billion people worldwide. In difficult circumstances, the informally employed (NFE) are precisely those people who are willing to do lower quality work, which does not guarantee them social protection, labor rights, and decent working conditions. Widespread informal employment in all its forms entails adverse consequences of various kinds for workers, enterprises, and society as a whole. For example, informal economic units tend to have low productivity and lack access to financial resources, which creates barriers to decent work and sustainable development. This article highlights the objectively existing conditions and features of development in different parts of the world, assessing their impact on the social composition and the number of participants in informal labor relations. At the same time, it shows the unambiguous position of the international community, which is the leitmotif of all documents of the UN, ILO, IMF, OECD – providing decent work and social protection to all informal workers. The factor of education in employment depends most of all on the political will of both the global community and the leadership of a particular country, therefore it can be influenced, unlike the prevailing economic conditions. Education creates human potential, contributes to the development of the country and, as will be shown in the article, affects the number of informal employееs. The level of education is closely connected with the level of informal employment in all regions.
Subject. The article addresses unemployment, supply and demand in the labor market of the Russian Federation. Objectives. We analyze the institutional nature of unemployment in Russia. Methods. The study draws on methods of vertical, horizontal, institutional, graphic, and comparative analysis. Results. The exploration of institutional factors of the Russian labor market enabled to formulate its main feature, i.e. low level of unemployment with low wages. Conclusions. The quality of workforce will fundamentally improve the situation of the employed population in Russia and increase incomes of specialists in accordance with the socio-economic conditions for expanded reproduction of human capital.
The current migration crisis has far-reaching challenges for EU countries. Global migration is forcing countries to completely reconsider their migration policies, the effectiveness of control, and the integration of migrants. As one of the EU's leading countries, Germany is the biggest lobbyist for the establishment of a common migration policy in the EU. This chapter contributes to the academic discussion on establishing a single mechanism for managing migration flows in the European Union. The analysis confirms that EU countries are faced with the need to find new ways to resolve the migration crisis. In this direction, Germany has become the country where one can trace the uniqueness of the political phenomenon of integration of migrants into the host community as a measure to overcome the migration crisis. The evidence reveals the growth of threats for national, regional, and international security caused by the growing migration crisis and transformation of the policy of integration of migrants in Germany under the influence of this factor.
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