“…Researchers (Bottiani, Bradshaw, & Mendelson, 2016;Hilberth & Slate, 2012;Hirschfield, 2018;Skiba, Arredondo, & Williams, 2014;Skiba et al, 2011;Slate, Gray, & Jones, 2016;Welsh & Little, 2018) have demonstrated the presence of negative consequences that are associated with exclusionary discipline practices such as a lack of connectedness to school, a decrease in their sense of belonging, repeated delinquency, academic gaps, and dropping out of high school. In the State of Texas, 14 criteria exist to determine whether students are at-risk for dropping out of high school.…”