The purpose of this study was to test a conceptual model predicting children's externalizing behavior problems in kindergarten in a sample of children with alcoholic (n = 130) and nonalcoholic (n = 97) parents. The model examined the role of parents' alcohol diagnoses, depression, and antisocial behavior at 12-18 months of child age in predicting parental warmth/sensitivity at 2 years of child age. Parental warmth/sensitivity at 2 years was hypothesized to predict children's self-regulation at 3 years (effortful control and internalization of rules), which in turn was expected to predict externalizing behavior problems in kindergarten. Structural equation modeling was largely supportive of this conceptual model. Fathers' alcohol diagnosis at 12-18 months was associated with lower maternal and paternal warmth/sensitivity at 2 years. Lower maternal warmth/sensitivity was longitudinally predictive of lower child self-regulation at 3 years, which in turn was longitudinally predictive of higher externalizing behavior problems in kindergarten, after controlling for prior behavior problems. There was a direct association between parents' depression and children's externalizing behavior problems. Results indicate that one pathway to higher externalizing behavior problems among children of alcoholics may be via parenting and self-regulation in the toddler to preschool years.
Keywordsalcoholism; parenting; self-regulation; externalizing behavior problems It is now well established that children of alcoholic parents are at increased risk for interpersonal and behavior problems, psychiatric disturbances, substance abuse (including early onset of alcohol use), and developmental trajectories of persistent alcohol problems (Chassin, Flora, & King, 2004;Jackson, Sher, & Wood, 2000;Jacob & Windle, 2000). Researchers have speculated that one pathway to later substance abuse disorders among children of alcoholics is through higher incidence of behavior problems or behavioral undercontrol, characterized by higher aggression, impulsivity, and sensation seeking (Sher, 1991). This model has been supported by empirical evidence indicating that children of alcoholic fathers have higher ratesCorrespondence concerning this article should be addressed to Rina D. Eiden, 1021 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14203. E-mail: E-mail: eiden@ria.buffalo.edu. of externalizing behavior problems and behavioral undercontrol (e.g., Blackson, 1994;DeLucia, Belz, & Chassin, 2001;Edwards, Eiden, Colder, & Leonard, 2006;Jacob & Windle, 2000). However, with the exception of recent reports from the Michigan Longitudinal Study (e.g., Loukas, Zucker, Fitzgerald, & Krull, 2003), few studies have investigated the mediational pathways explaining the association between parental alcohol problems and children's externalizing behavior problems using longitudinal data. Two important mediators of this association that have been implicated in studies using other high-risk samples are children's self-regulatory abilities and lower parental warmth/sensitivity.
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