Social dominance in a herd of angus, hereford, and shorthorn cows

Wagnon, K. A.; Loy, R. G.; Rollins, W. C.; Carroll, F. D.

doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(66)80048-9

Cited by 64 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…This supported Hypothesis 5 and resembled the strict pecking orders of vertebrate competition structure (Wagnon et al 1966, Clutton-Brock et al 1979. Compared with similar (bryozoan) assemblages elsewhere the organisation of competition was the most hierarchical reported.…”

Section: Variability In Marine Benthic Community Structure With Latitudesupporting

confidence: 68%

“…The implications of intraspecific competition can also be quite different (Karlson 1980(Karlson , 1999 from those of interspecific interactions. Intraspecific encounters are common in specific niches like kelp blades (Stebbing 1973) or rocky shore zones (Connell 1961) where few species occur, or for mates between mobile animals (Wagnon et al 1966, Clutton-Brock et al 1979. The proportion of interspecific competition in the high arctic study assemblage was the lowest (20% of interactions) in any like group of competitors.…”

Section: Variability In Marine Benthic Community Structure With Latitudementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interference competition between 2 competitors has 3 possible outcomes for a potential competitor, a win (it overgrows its rival), a loss (it is overgrown by its rival) and a tie (no net loss or gain). Whereas tied results (standoffs, mutual overgrowth or even fusion) are not uncommon in sessile or colonial animals (Schmidt & Warner 1986, Tanaka & Nandakumar 1994, such an outcome is rare in meetings between mobile forms (Wagnon et al 1966, Clutton-Brock et al 1979. For a long time organism battles were thought to be restricted to between 'like' competitors but it has become clear that very distantly related and morphologically dissimilar species may also frequently be direct competitors (Diamond 1987, Hochberg & Lawton 1990.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High polar spatial competition: extreme hierarchies at extreme latitude

Barnes¹,

Kukliński²

2003

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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On polar shores, as at lower latitude, intense battles for space ensue on boulders but the high wind, wave and ice disturbance make the colonisation race a short one in time. Here we test multiple hypotheses on the nature of competition at a high polar latitude (77°N, Arctic Spitsbergen): that interference competitive encounters would principally be (1) between colonial animals and (2) intraspecific in nature involving very few species; (3) intraspecific interactions would mostly result in ties and (4) interspecific interactions would conversely result in overgrowth, involve mainly 1 poor competitor species interacting with many others; and that (5) competition structure would be highly hierarchical. This is the highest latitude of any competition study and its structure was as extreme as hypothesised in many respects. Interference competition on boulders was dominated by encounters between colonial animals (almost entirely between cheilostome bryozoans). Nearly 80% of all competitor interactions were intraspecific. Most intraspecific encounters involved just a single (bryozoan) species, Harmeria scutulata. In no other equivalent assemblage is there such an extreme balance of intra-to interspecific competition. Nearly 97% of intraspecific fights for space ended in tied outcomes (standoffs). We can also find no described assemblage in which tied outcomes are so frequent in intraspecific encounters or so rare in interspecific meetings. Of the competitors present in more than 10 interactions H. scutulata was the poorest, winning just 24% of encounters with other species. No other study, known to us, has shown an assemblage to be so dominated by a single species, which is such a poor spatial competitor. Compared to other similar assemblages the diversity (ShannonWiener H ') and evenness (Pielou's J) of competitive encounters was lowest. This Spitsbergen assemblage is also the most severe hierarchy measured in a marine encrusting community. These findings have major implications for the response of the community to disturbance and climate change.

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Section: Variability In Marine Benthic Community Structure With Latitudesupporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Variability In Marine Benthic Community Structure With Latitudementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High polar spatial competition: extreme hierarchies at extreme latitude

Barnes¹,

Kukliński²

2003

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…The clashes between the encrusting animals of these southern polar communities rarely resulted in ties and the competitive dominant species overgrew any competitor encountered on virtually all occasions. Only in vertebrate intraspecific battles for status had such hierarchies previously been established (Clutton-Brock et al, 1979;Wagnon et al, 1996). There thus seems to be a latitudinal cline in the structure of competition, and therefore in the mechanism of succession in shallow marine environments (Barnes, 2002a).…”

Section: Competitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changing chain: past, present and future of the Scotia Arc's and Antarctica's shallow benthic communities

Barnes¹

2005

Sci. Mar.

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When the ancient supercontinent of Gondwana disintegrated and the fragments drifted apart to form continents, Antarctica became very isolated over the geographic south pole. From its former near-subtropical forests, Antarctica has become the coldest, windiest, driest and highest continent that is almost entirely covered with ice sheets several kilometres thick. The Circumpolar Current that developed in ARNTZ, G.A. LOVRICH and S. THATJE (eds.) Changing chain: past, present and future of the Scotia Arc's and Antarctica's shallow benthic communities* DAVID K.A. BARNES British Antarctic Survey, N.E.R.C., High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 OET, England. E-mail: dkab@bas.ac.uk SUMMARY: The Scotia Arc links Patagonia to the Antarctic Peninsula. This island chain has changed considerably since Antarctica's geographic and thermal isolation from other land and water masses. Now its rates of air, land and fresh-water climate change are among the highest measured. This review examines work on the shallow water benthos of this region in the context of climate change. In summer, primary productivity is as intense as anywhere, whilst in winter the water reaches unprecedented clarity. Suspension feeders may eat for just a few months but others feed all year. Growth and reproduction are up to 50x slower than non-polar rates. Life here is in the slow lane. There is intense summer disturbance from icescour and wave action. This has erased shore zonation and created it below the surface. In contrast to summer disturbance, the winter is among the calmest and most thermally stable environments, when the area is overlain by fast ice. Whilst few animal phyla or species are represented on land, phyletic richness-and in some groups species richness-rivals that of tropical regions. Data showing clines in benthic richness at several taxonomic levels across the Patagonia-South Georgia-Signy Is.-Adelaide Is. chain and 50 years of ice-sheet retreat are presented.Keywords: polar benthos, zonation, metabolism, suspension-feeding, growth, reproduction. RESUMEN: UNA CADENA CAMBIANTE: PASADO, PRESENTE Y FUTURO DE LAS COMUNIDADES BENTÓNICAS SOMERAS DEL ARCODE SCOTIA Y ANTÁRTIDA. -El Arco de Scotia conecta la Patagonia con la Península Antártica. Esta cadena de islas ha cambiado considerablemente desde el aislamiento geográfico y térmico de la Antártida respecto de otras masas de agua y tierra. Actualmente, esta área tiene las tasas de cambios climáticos más elevadas, tanto en aire, tierra y aguas continentales. En esta revisión, se examinan los estudios en las comunidades bentónicas de aguas someras en el contexto del cambio global. La productividad primaria es, durante el verano, tan intensa como en otras áreas, mientras que en invierno las aguas alcanzan una claridad sin precedentes. Los suspensívoros pueden alimentarse por apenas unos pocos meses, pero otros se alimentan durante todo el año. El crecimiento y la reproducción son hasta 50 veces más lentos que en los organismos no polares. La vida aquí está en el "carril lento". Durante...

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“…If there is no intrinsic reason for using transitivity in ranking, then it may be inappropriate. Alternative methods of ranking using relationships that do not involve transitivity of dominance include simple indices such as the proportion of opponents encountered that are beaten (Wagnon et al 1966) and more complex indices that take into account success of opponents (Wei 1952;Kendall 1955;Clutton-Brock et al 1979).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%