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TechnoloThere is an ex tion and C by Buchanan, Sainter and Saunders (2013), with a sample of 114 professors, found that the ten most frequently used technologies were: links to online library resources; online audio / video podcasts from other sources; formative online testing; online audio / video podcasts created by the professors themselves; discussion boards for class discussions; discussion boards for frequently asked questions; blogs with the goal of encouraging reflection on learning; Wikis; blogs for micropublishing; and online tests. An increase in the popularity of recorded lectures has also been noted (O'Callaghan, Neumann, Jones, & Creed, 2017).The popularity of social networks, such as Facebook and Twitter, in academe has increased. Yet, there is minimal empirical literature on faculty experiences with the educational use of social networks (Veletsianos & Kimmons, 2012). Among existing studies, Caldwell (2015) found that only 18% of professors used social network sites in their teaching, although almost 50% were willing to use these more extensively. Zakharov, Horton, Reid, Willis, and Attardo (2017) provided an explanation for the low frequency of social media use by exploring the experiences of 126 professors. They found that a variety of barriers exist to the use of social media in teaching: reliability, complexity, lack of support, inadequate professional development, time requirements, and legal issues.
ProficiencyThe limited research on professor proficiency in teaching with technology shows that professors were more likely to use technology in their courses if they had a greater degree of confidence in their ability to use this (Howard & Mozejko, 2015). These researchers also found no significant differences between male and female professors in their level of confidence in their ability to use technology.
Use of Personal Technology in ClassThere are no universally accepted guidelines that dictate the appropriate use of mobile technologies in class (Lindroth & Bergquist, 2010). This has resulted in a culture of uncertainty, in which neither professors nor students understand what constitutes the appropriate use of laptops and other mobile devices in class (Kay & Lauricella, 2011;Santos, Bocheco, & Habak, 2018).Some professors do not allow students to use their laptops and mobile technologies in class at all (Young, 2006). This has the potential to create conflict between professors and their students, since students indicated that being allowed to use their personal technologies in class was important (Alkahtani, Ahmad, Darmoul, Samman, Al-zabidi, & Matraf, 2016).Other professors choo...