“…In contrast, volunteer activist leaders have fuzzy, ill-defined roles, no renumeration, no particular status, and a record of ongoing struggle and failure (Gulliver et al, 2022 ; Louis, 2009 ; Nesbit et al, 2016 ). Furthermore, research examining volunteer participation in activism (also called ‘activist/protest volunteering’, see Mati et al, 2016 ) most commonly focuses on what motivates individuals to participate in collective action, usually on a one-off, or occasional, basis (e.g., Van Zomeren, 2013 ). These occasional volunteer behaviors may be driven by different motivations than sustained volunteer activist leadership behaviors (Alisat & Riemer, 2015 ; Gulliver et al, 2022 ).…”