This article presents a conceptual model that depicts the relevant factors that explain why incarcerated women are generally in poor health. These factors include oppressive societal ideologies and practices, personal behavior, and the environments of prisons and jails, all of which have profound effects on health status. The interrelationships among these factors are explored, and implications for research and program planning are provided. Incarcerated women present a distinct range of health problems. The most frequently cited are alcohol and drug abuse;