Social protection for all ages? Impacts of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program on child nutrition

Abstract

We investigate the impact of a large-scale social protection scheme, the Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) in Ethiopia, on child nutritional outcomes. Children living in households that receive cash transfers should experience improved child nutrition. However, in the case of the PSNP, which for the majority of participants is a public works program, there are several potential threats to finding effects: first, without conditionality on child inputs, increased household income may not be translated into improved child nutrition. Second, the work requirement may impact on parental time, child time use and calories burned. Third, if there is a critical period for child human capital investment that closes before the age of 5 then children above this age may not see any improvement in medium-term nutritional outcomes, measured here as height-for-age. Using a cohort study that collected data both pre-and post-program implementation in 2002, 2006 and 2009, we exploit several novel aspects of the survey design to find estimates that can deal with non-random program placement. We present both matching and difference-in-differences estimates for the index children, as well as sibling-differences. Our estimates show an important positive medium-term nutritional impact of the program for children aged 5-15 that are comparable in size to Conditional Cash Transfer program impacts for much younger children. We show indicative evidence that the program impact on improved nutrition is associated with improved food security and reduced child working hours. Our robustness checks restrict the comparison group, by including only households who were shortlisted, but never received PSNP, and also exclude those who never received aid, thus identifying impact based on timing alone. We cannot rule out that the nutritional impact of the program is the same for younger and older children.

The REFANI-S study protocol: a non-randomised cluster controlled trial to assess the role of an unconditional cash transfer, a non-food item kit, and free piped water in reducing the risk of acute malnutrition among children aged 6–59 months living in camps for internally displaced persons in the Afgooye corridor, Somalia

“…For assessing the change in malnutrition risk factors using survey methods, the sample size was estimated to be able to detect a difference of 0.6 units in the mean individual dietary diversity score (IDDS). A positive change of about 2 units in the household diet diversity score was observed in response to a social CTP in Malawi [15]; but other studies had lower changes [16, 17]. There is little data on IDDS change following cash transfers so we decided to power the study to detect a conservative change, assuming a baseline IDDS of 3.0 with a SD of 1.5, with power of 80%, an alpha risk at 0.05, and an intra-cluster correlation coefficient of 0.01.…”

The Impact of Public Works Programme on Child Labour in Ethiopia

“…There have also been reports of positive nutritional effects of the programme. Porter and Goyal (2016) use data from the same survey and find a significant positive association between participation in the PSNP programme and z-score of height-for-age for children aged 5-15 years. Using data for a sample of children in Northern Ethiopia, Debela et al (2015) show that children in households receiving PSNP benefits have higher z-score of weight-for-height than their counterparts in non-beneficiary households.…”

Social Effects of Economic Crisis: Risk of Exclusion. An Overview of the European Context

“…Social policies are a key matter for helping people overcome poverty and exclusion situations [40][41][42]. The social support variable was considered from the indicator [spr_exp_sum] from EUROSTAT Database [43].…”