Social Rank or Social Bonds: Which one Facilitates Coalition Formation in Male Tibetan Macaques?

Tai, Yi-Mei; Chen, Mengmeng; Zhang, Yuheng; Ma, Anxiang; Wang, Huan; Wang, Xi

doi:10.3390/biology11091269

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…One is added to the numerator and the denominator in the equation because some group members might not have been observed winning or losing an interaction ( Clutton-Brock et al 1979 , 1982 ). An animal is considered defeated after showing a submissive response to displays of aggression or direct physical violence behavior aimed toward the animals by another group member ( Tai et al 2022 ). This approach was used for each aggression-submission bout, respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social networks of reintroduced Przewalski’s horses in the Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area (Mongolia)

Bernátková

Ganbaatar²,

Šimek

et al. 2023

Current Zoology

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Analysing social networks is a powerful tool for understanding the ecology of social species. While most studies focus on the role of each group member, few compare groups with different characteristics. The current population of Przewalski's horses Equus ferus przewalskii at the Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area (Mongolia) includes groups of wild-born and captive-bred individuals with different experiences with the area (acclimatizing, long-term reintroduced and wild-born), therefore serving as an ideal natural behavioural lab. We filmed 11 groups for 141.5 hours in summer 2018 (July), late spring 2019 (May, June), and autumn 2019 (September, October). Affiliative and agonistic interactions were recorded, and social networks were created. We tested the influence of origin, experience, season, sex, age, relative time belonging to the group, relatedness, and dominance rank on different network indices at the individual and group levels. We found that groups with greater experience in the area are generally better connected than members of the newly formed groups. However, these strong networks were created by wild-born individuals with very low interaction rates. On the contrary, inexperienced groups composed of captive-bred individuals displayed many interactions but created weak social networks. The results show a trend of behavioural transition from acclimatizing through long-term reintroduced to wild-born groups, supporting that the newly-formed groups of released Przewalski's horses need time to display the typical social behaviour patterns of wild-born individuals. Long-term monitoring of released Przewalski's horses is recommended to promote success of thisreintroduction program.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social networks of reintroduced Przewalski’s horses in the Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area (Mongolia)

Bernátková

Ganbaatar²,

Šimek

et al. 2023

Current Zoology

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“…Thus, the vigilance of mothers was likely to be directed toward members within the group or offspring. Second, female macaques exhibit strong kin preferences concerning affiliation and tolerance (Berman et al., 2004 ) and relatives frequently provide support during conflicts and collectively monitor potential threats within the surrounding environment (Li et al., 2004 ; Tai et al., 2022 ), whereas such relationships between non‐kin individuals are rare. Thirdly, Tibetan macaques live in a multi‐male, multi‐female society characterized by strict linear hierarchies (Berman et al., 2004 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social risk to infant: The role of kin for maternal visual monitoring in Tibetan macaques

Liu,

Tian,

Ren

et al. 2024

Ecology and Evolution

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Maternal monitoring of conspecifics is a crucial anti‐predator strategy that also protects infants against risks within the social group. This study examines how maternal characteristics, infant characteristics, mother–infant distance, and the social environment affect maternal monitoring behaviors in free‐ranging Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana). We observed 12 females with infants and analyzed their visual monitoring patterns. Our findings indicate that maternal rank significantly influences the time allocated to maternal visual monitoring, higher‐ranking mothers spending less time than lower‐ranking mothers. Maternal experience also played a role in monitoring strategies. Differences in monitoring strategies were observed based on maternal experience: first‐time mothers (primiparity) engaged in longer but less frequent monitoring sessions compared to experienced mothers (multiparity). The time and frequency of maternal monitoring decreased as infants aged, and mothers with male infants showed higher levels of monitoring than those with female infants. The distance between mother and infant also affected visual monitoring behavior, with mothers increasing their monitoring levels when infants were nearby (1–5 m), rather than within reach (0–1 m) or beyond nearby (>5 m). Additionally, the presence of kin and non‐kin influenced monitoring: as the number of nearby kin increased, monitoring levels decreased, while the presence of more non‐kin males led to an increase in monitoring time, and higher‐ranking non‐kin neighbors increased the frequency of monitoring. These results suggest that Tibetan macaque mothers can adapt their visual monitoring to the social risks faced by their infants, adjusting their strategies to their status and the needs of their offspring.

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Models of animal coalitions and their implications for human evolution

Ihara

2024

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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Social interaction is a prime driver for the evolution of animal behaviour. Dyadic interaction, in particular, has been the focus of intensive research on the evolution of mutualistic, altruistic, selfish or spiteful behaviours. Meanwhile, triadic interaction has been the minimal framework for the study of animal coalition as observed in some species of primates, as well as in carnivores and cetaceans, where two or more individuals act jointly against a third party in a competitive context. Previous mathematical models of animal coalition have either failed to explain the observed diversity in the configuration of coalition or presumed fine-tuned decision-making that may be unrealistic for non-human animals. To approach these issues, the present study develops a new model that is fairly simple, but still able to account for the observed diversity in animal coalitions. Analysis of the model specifies key parameters affecting the predicted types of coalition: the nature of the benefit being contested, the cost-to-benefit ratio associated with fighting and the synergistic effect in coalition formation. Additionally, the model is used to evaluate the social selection hypothesis, which claims that coalition formation induced social selection favouring reduced aggression and lower fighting abilities during human evolution.

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Social Rank or Social Bonds: Which one Facilitates Coalition Formation in Male Tibetan Macaques?

Cited by 3 publications

References 39 publications

Social networks of reintroduced Przewalski’s horses in the Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area (Mongolia)

Social networks of reintroduced Przewalski’s horses in the Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area (Mongolia)

Social risk to infant: The role of kin for maternal visual monitoring in Tibetan macaques

Models of animal coalitions and their implications for human evolution

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