Social Spending, Human Capital, and Growth in Developing Countries

Hidden Human Capital: Psychological Empowerment and Adolescent Girls' Aspirations in India

“…Traditionally, such studies of human capital have primarily centered on assets that can be readily observed, such as physical health or documented educational attainment (see Deaton, 2003;Angrist and Lavy, 1999;Duflo, 2001;Miguel and Kremer, 2004;Nehru et al, 1995;Baldacci et al, 2008). This provides a rather limited perspective in light of the broad definition of human capital as the stock of skills that the labor force possesses and is regarded as a resource or asset (Goldin, 2016).…”

From Value Chain Analysis to Global Value Chain Analysis: Fresh Orange Export Sector in Mediterranean Partner Countries

“…The trade system facing orange exporters, coupled with large-scale competitor countries in the US and South America, goes against a strategy where cost disadvantages may push agri-food stakeholders out of the chain if they do not switch to the creation of value for their respective end consumers (Drucker 1999). It has been argued that previous agricultural policy in the region has not brought the gains that the agri-food sector desperately needs (Baldacci et al 2008). In the past, agricultural policy in the region has focused mainly on market liberalization (although still protective of some agricultural sectors) and linked competitiveness exclusively to volume and production yields (Lindberg et al 2006).…”

“…East and North African (MENA) are failing to meet the challenge of averting heavy rural-urban migration and the current policy strategy has not brought the economic growth to the region that it desperately needs (Baldacci et al 2008). Poor economic opportunities are pushing rural households into the city where instead of finding new prospects, poverty is merely concentrated in urban slums and unemployment continues to be a looming threat for the region (Nabli 2004).…”

The Relation between Human Capital and Economic Growth in MENA Countries

“…However, in the group of low income countries, the contribution of human capital in the field of healthcare reflects directly to the human capital and does not have any external influence. Baldacci et al (2008) conducted a study with the purpose of determining the relation between social expenditures, human capital and growth by using panel data of 118 developing countries. In this study, in which they drew on data covering 1971-2000, they compared the impacts of alternative economic interventions.…”