Socio-cognitive correlates of intention to use Toombak: a cross-sectional study among students (13–16 years) in Khartoum State, Sudan

Almahdi, Hatim Mohammed; Ali, Rouf Wahab; Nasir, Elwalid Fadul; Åstrøm, Anne Nordrehaug

doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4606-z

Cited by 9 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The current study showed a significant association between toombak users and the exposure to the advertisement of toombak at PoS. Moreover, this study reported that noticing PoS displays more frequently is associated with an increased likelihood of reporting direct access to toombak, which in turn leads to an increase in the susceptibility of Sudanese adolescents to toombak and eventually to becoming users 21 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

“…The sampling procedure was part of a larger-scale study of secondary schools students' use of toombak 21 . A total of 28 schools were randomly selected, four from each locality (public/female, public/male, private/female, and private/male).…”

Section: Sampling Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among individuals aged 18 years, the average prevalence of toombak use was 38% among males and 10.9% among adolescents in Khartoum State 21,22 . Toombak can be purchased from many shops and the product is advertised extensively at PoS, where retailers tend to use attractive methods to draw buyers' interest without any age restrictions 17,23 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exposure to the advertisement of toombak at the point-ofsale among adolescents in Khartoum State, Sudan: A crosssectional study

Almahdi¹,

Ali²,

Nasir³

2020

Tob. Prev. Cessation

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INTRODUCTION This study aimed to assess the association between toombak (smokeless tobacco) advertisement at point-of-sale (PoS) and its use among adolescents in Sudan. METHODS A cross-sectional school-based and self-administered questionnaire study was conducted. Schools were randomly selected using a one-stage stratified sampling procedure, during 2013-2014, as part of a larger research project focusing on the use of toombak among secondary school students in Khartoum State, Sudan. The sample size was 1526 students. Data were collected on exposure to toombak advertisement, social acceptability, perceived accessibility to toombak, susceptibility, and toombak use. RESULTS A total of 41.8% of the adolescents were exposed to an advertisement at PoS, while 12.5% perceived direct access to toombak, 5.3% reported that they were susceptible to use toombak, and 10.9% were ever toombak users. Exposure to the advertisement of toombak at PoS was found to be associated with the older age group (44.3%) (p≤0.05). Males were more than females (45.2% vs 38.8%; p≤0.05). Those exposed to toombak advertisements at PoS reported more social acceptability towards toombak (48.9% vs 37.6%; p≤0.001) and direct accessibility to toombak (68.8% vs 47.2%; p≤0.05). Ever toombak users reported higher exposure to advertisements than non-users (54.5% vs 40.3%; p≤0.001). CONCLUSIONS Exposure to toombak advertisements at PoS was found to be high and associated with increased toombak use in Khartoum State, Sudan, in addition to increasing social acceptability to its use and perceived easy accessibility. The current law, which bans toombak advertisement and promotion at PoS, needs to be enforced. AFFILIATION

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Section: Sampling Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exposure to the advertisement of toombak at the point-ofsale among adolescents in Khartoum State, Sudan: A crosssectional study

Almahdi¹,

Ali²,

Nasir³

2020

Tob. Prev. Cessation

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“…North Sudan and South Sudan are not included in the MENA region by the World Bank, even though they are part of the North African countries. Some published literatures from these two countries have suggested heavy use of toombak (a form of smokeless tobacco), mostly by the adult population 13,47 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smokeless tobacco and oral cancer in the Middle East and North Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Quadri¹,

Tadakamadla²,

John³

2019

Tob. Induc. Dis.

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INTRODUCTIONCancer of the oral cavity is regarded lethal with a fairly low mean 5-year survival rate. The current systematic review and meta-analysis is the first of its kind to examine, if the evidence from the Middle East and North African region indicates an association between oral cancer and tobacco; and evaluates the quality of the evidence that portrays this relationship.METHODSA search for articles was carried out in October 2017 and then cross-checked at the end of June 2018 using Medline, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases. Retrieved articles were later subjected to eligibility criteria. The search was not limited to any particular research design adopted by the investigators. However, dissertations, theses and opinion-based reviews generated from the search were excluded during the screening of titles and abstracts. Quality of included studies was determined objectively (Newcastle Ottawa Scale) and subjectively. Revman (Version 5.3) was used for conducting the meta-analysis.RESULTSSix studies satisfied the selection criteria of the current review. The New Castle Ottawa evaluation scale suggested that the three cross-sectional studies and the three case-control studies included in the current review were of relatively low to moderate quality. All included studies explored the association of only one form of smokeless tobacco, i.e. shammah. Three case-control studies revealed a pooled estimate odds ratio of 38.74 (95% CI: 19.50–76.96), indicating that the odds for the occurrence of oral cancer among shammah users were nearly 39 times higher compared to the non-users.CONCLUSIONSShammah is a potential risk factor for oral cancer; thus, it is necessary that public health practitioners design and implement effective strategies to prevent the abuse of shammah.

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“…The sampling procedure was made for a larger-scale study of secondary schools students’ use of Toombak [ 21 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

School workers’ knowledge, attitude and behaviour related to use of Toombak: a cross sectional study from Khartoum state, Sudan

et al. 2017

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BackgroundToombak is a form of smokeless tobacco (SLT) that is locally made and consumed in Sudan and contains several carcinogenic elements. Use of Toombak has been etiologically linked to various oral diseases including oral cancer. This study aimed to obtain baseline information about the Toombak use among Sudanese school workers, as well as their knowledge about Toombak related health hazards and attitude towards their role in Toombak control. In addition, this study assessed the availability and effectiveness of control policies and preventive practices in the schools.MethodsA cross-sectional school-based study using one-stage stratified random sampling procedure; four schools were selected randomly from each of seven localities. A total of 239 school workers’ were recruited (census) from the selected schools in Khartoum State, Sudan.ResultsOf the school workers, 63% (147) were ≤40 years, half were females and 79.2% (187) were teachers. A total of 9.6% (22) school workers confirmed ever use of Toombak and the percentage of daily users amounted to 64.7% (11). Moreover, 76.2% (16) of ever Toombak users were ≥40 years and all of them were males (p < 0.001). Most of the school workers reported good knowledge, positive attitude towards their role in Toombak control and good preventive practice. Female school workers were more likely to report positive attitude towards their role in Toombak control (p < 05), and to report good knowledge. Those reporting good preventive practice in schools reported good knowledge more than two times than their counterpart (p < 0.001). Age was the strongest predictor of ever Toombak use among school workers (p < .001).ConclusionsThe use of Toombak among school workers was associated with poor knowledge, negative attitude towards their role in Toombak control and poor preventive practice, Therefore, school workers use of Toombak may reduce their motivation and use of their potential in the prevention of a major health problem caused by Toombak use and affects their role model behaviour. On the other hand, school workers engagement with preventive practices in schools’ was associated with good knowledge which in turn empowers their positive attitude towards their role in Toombak control.

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Socio-cognitive correlates of intention to use Toombak: a cross-sectional study among students (13–16 years) in Khartoum State, Sudan

Cited by 9 publications

References 39 publications

Exposure to the advertisement of toombak at the point-ofsale among adolescents in Khartoum State, Sudan: A crosssectional study

Exposure to the advertisement of toombak at the point-ofsale among adolescents in Khartoum State, Sudan: A crosssectional study

Smokeless tobacco and oral cancer in the Middle East and North Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis

School workers’ knowledge, attitude and behaviour related to use of Toombak: a cross sectional study from Khartoum state, Sudan

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